{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4405489612","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc53108.2024.10781595","title":"Automated Immunophenotyping Assessment for Diagnosing Childhood Acute Leukemia using Set-Transformers","display_name":"Automated Immunophenotyping Assessment for Diagnosing Childhood Acute Leukemia using Set-Transformers","publication_year":2024,"publication_date":"2024-07-15","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4405489612","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc53108.2024.10781595","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40039712"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc53108.2024.10781595","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc53108.2024.10781595","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 46th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5099623221","display_name":"Elpiniki Maria Lygizou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145847075","display_name":"TU Wien","ror":"https://ror.org/04d836q62","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145847075"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Elpiniki Maria Lygizou","raw_affiliation_strings":["TU Wien"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"TU Wien","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145847075"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024590902","display_name":"Michael J. Reiter","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8004-6839"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145847075","display_name":"TU Wien","ror":"https://ror.org/04d836q62","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145847075"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Reiter","raw_affiliation_strings":["TU Wien"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"TU Wien","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145847075"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057759899","display_name":"Margarita Maurer\u2010Granofszky","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3519-9972"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210121077","display_name":"Cancer Research Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/02v8wkr26","country_code":"SK","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I207624831","https://openalex.org/I4210121077"]}],"countries":["SK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Margarita Maurer-Granofszky","raw_affiliation_strings":["St. Anna Children’s Cancer Research Institute"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"St. Anna Children’s Cancer Research Institute","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210121077"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062188329","display_name":"Michael Dworzak","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8175-1097"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210121077","display_name":"Cancer Research Institute of the Slovak Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/02v8wkr26","country_code":"SK","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I207624831","https://openalex.org/I4210121077"]}],"countries":["SK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael Dworzak","raw_affiliation_strings":["St. Anna Children’s Cancer Research Institute"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"St. Anna Children’s Cancer Research Institute","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210121077"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5034362557","display_name":"Radu Grosu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5715-2142"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145847075","display_name":"TU Wien","ror":"https://ror.org/04d836q62","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145847075"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Radu Grosu","raw_affiliation_strings":["TU Wien"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"TU Wien","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145847075"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5099623221"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145847075"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4358,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.65482235,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"2024","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"4"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11289","display_name":"Single-cell and spatial transcriptomics","score":0.9833999872207642,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11289","display_name":"Single-cell and spatial transcriptomics","score":0.9833999872207642,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10950","display_name":"Acute Lymphoblastic Leukemia research","score":0.9760000109672546,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2739","display_name":"Public Health, Environmental and Occupational Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12867","display_name":"Advanced Biosensing Techniques and Applications","score":0.946399986743927,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immunophenotyping","display_name":"Immunophenotyping","score":0.7951374053955078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.5602761507034302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.4909122586250305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4860146641731262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/leukemia","display_name":"Leukemia","score":0.4233665466308594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.33945417404174805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-medicine","display_name":"Internal medicine","score":0.19617164134979248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.13997939229011536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/immunology","display_name":"Immunology","score":0.13027387857437134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.09922266006469727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flow-cytometry","display_name":"Flow cytometry","score":0.08141610026359558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/voltage","display_name":"Voltage","score":0.07920393347740173}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196166836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q902926","display_name":"Immunophenotyping","level":3,"score":0.7951374053955078},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.5602761507034302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.4909122586250305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4860146641731262},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778461978","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q29496","display_name":"Leukemia","level":2,"score":0.4233665466308594},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.33945417404174805},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.19617164134979248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.13997939229011536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203014093","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101929","display_name":"Immunology","level":1,"score":0.13027387857437134},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.09922266006469727},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C553184892","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1141429","display_name":"Flow cytometry","level":2,"score":0.08141610026359558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.07920393347740173}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000293","descriptor_name":"Adolescent","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001331","descriptor_name":"Automation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001331","descriptor_name":"Automation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002675","descriptor_name":"Child, Preschool","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002675","descriptor_name":"Child, Preschool","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002675","descriptor_name":"Child, Preschool","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005434","descriptor_name":"Flow Cytometry","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005434","descriptor_name":"Flow Cytometry","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005434","descriptor_name":"Flow Cytometry","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015470","descriptor_name":"Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015470","descriptor_name":"Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015470","descriptor_name":"Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015470","descriptor_name":"Leukemia, Myeloid, Acute","qualifier_ui":"Q000276","qualifier_name":"immunology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016130","descriptor_name":"Immunophenotyping","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016130","descriptor_name":"Immunophenotyping","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016130","descriptor_name":"Immunophenotyping","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D054198","descriptor_name":"Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D054198","descriptor_name":"Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D054198","descriptor_name":"Precursor Cell Lymphoblastic Leukemia-Lymphoma","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc53108.2024.10781595","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc53108.2024.10781595","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2024 46th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmid:40039712","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/40039712","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.5099999904632568,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2142707770","https://openalex.org/W2164037325","https://openalex.org/W2343458337","https://openalex.org/W2476651486","https://openalex.org/W2528051702","https://openalex.org/W2586218563","https://openalex.org/W2766547530","https://openalex.org/W2902546992","https://openalex.org/W2920999075","https://openalex.org/W2935892984","https://openalex.org/W2950814274","https://openalex.org/W2960228757","https://openalex.org/W3193301525","https://openalex.org/W4220951502","https://openalex.org/W4312290982","https://openalex.org/W4381308700","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W4388295242","https://openalex.org/W4394593080"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W3031052312","https://openalex.org/W4389568370","https://openalex.org/W3032375762","https://openalex.org/W1995515455","https://openalex.org/W2080531066","https://openalex.org/W3108674512","https://openalex.org/W1506200166","https://openalex.org/W2364038653"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Acute":[0,64,131],"Leukemia":[1],"is":[2,22,33,68,116],"the":[3,16,49,59,109,114,117,122],"most":[4],"common":[5],"hematologic":[6],"malignancy":[7,21],"in":[8,15,46,62,70,128],"children":[9],"and":[10,35,38,101],"adolescents.":[11],"A":[12],"key":[13],"methodology":[14],"diagnostic":[17],"evaluation":[18],"of":[19,85,95,111],"this":[20,31,42,47],"immunophenotyping":[23,60,123],"based":[24,55],"on":[25],"Multiparameter":[26],"Flow":[27],"Cytometry":[28],"(FCM).":[29],"However,":[30],"approach":[32],"manual,":[34],"thus":[36],"time-consuming":[37],"subjective.":[39],"To":[40,108],"alleviate":[41],"situation,":[43],"we":[44],"propose":[45],"paper":[48],"FCM-Former,":[50],"a":[51,71],"machine":[52],"learning,":[53],"self-attention":[54],"FCM-diagnostic":[56],"tool,":[57],"automating":[58],"assessment":[61,124],"Childhood":[63],"Leukemia.":[65,132],"The":[66],"FCM-Former":[67,81,115],"trained":[69],"supervised":[72],"manner,":[73],"by":[74],"directly":[75],"using":[76],"flow":[77],"cytometric":[78],"data.":[79],"Our":[80],"achieves":[82],"an":[83],"accuracy":[84],"96.5%":[86],"assigning":[87],"lineage":[88],"to":[89],"each":[90],"sample":[91],"among":[92],"960":[93],"cases":[94],"either":[96],"acute":[97,102],"B-cell,":[98],"T-cell":[99],"lymphoblastic,":[100],"myeloid":[103],"leukemia":[104],"(B-ALL,":[105],"T-ALL,":[106],"AML).":[107],"best":[110],"our":[112],"knowledge,":[113],"first":[118],"work":[119],"that":[120],"automates":[121],"with":[125],"FCM":[126],"data":[127],"diagnosing":[129],"pediatric":[130]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-05-07T13:39:58.223016","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}