{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4295445026","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc48229.2022.9871922","title":"A Multilayer Monte Carlo Analysis of Optical Interactions in Reflectance Neck Photoplethysmography","display_name":"A Multilayer Monte Carlo Analysis of Optical Interactions in Reflectance Neck Photoplethysmography","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-07-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4295445026","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc48229.2022.9871922","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36085757"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc48229.2022.9871922","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc48229.2022.9871922","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607706","display_name":"2022 44th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 44th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024801648","display_name":"Zaibaa Patel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9558-5520"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Zaibaa Patel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Imperial College London,Wearable Technologies Lab,Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering,United Kingdom,SW7 2BT"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Imperial College London,Wearable Technologies Lab,Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering,United Kingdom,SW7 2BT","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026574215","display_name":"Esther Rodriguez\u2013Villegas","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1957-2044"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Esther Rodriguez-Villegas","raw_affiliation_strings":["Imperial College London,Wearable Technologies Lab,Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering,United Kingdom,SW7 2BT"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Imperial College London,Wearable Technologies Lab,Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering,United Kingdom,SW7 2BT","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5024801648"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3214,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.45790585,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"2022","issue":null,"first_page":"850","last_page":"853"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10977","display_name":"Optical Imaging and Spectroscopy Techniques","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11700","display_name":"Hemodynamic Monitoring and Therapy","score":0.9973999857902527,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photoplethysmogram","display_name":"Photoplethysmogram","score":0.7050430774688721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/monte-carlo-method","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","score":0.679738461971283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.6326979994773865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/detector","display_name":"Detector","score":0.5333253145217896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biomedical-engineering","display_name":"Biomedical engineering","score":0.517162024974823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.5134052038192749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wavelength","display_name":"Wavelength","score":0.4454079866409302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.3750331997871399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.2742993235588074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.17441150546073914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.12930500507354736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1181010901927948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.10599052906036377}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116390426","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187885","display_name":"Photoplethysmogram","level":3,"score":0.7050430774688721},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19499675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q232207","display_name":"Monte Carlo method","level":2,"score":0.679738461971283},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.6326979994773865},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.5333253145217896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136229726","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327092","display_name":"Biomedical engineering","level":1,"score":0.517162024974823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.5134052038192749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6260449","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q41364","display_name":"Wavelength","level":2,"score":0.4454079866409302},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.3750331997871399},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.2742993235588074},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.17441150546073914},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.12930500507354736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1181010901927948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.10599052906036377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D005385","descriptor_name":"Fingers","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005385","descriptor_name":"Fingers","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005385","descriptor_name":"Fingers","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009010","descriptor_name":"Monte Carlo Method","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009010","descriptor_name":"Monte Carlo Method","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009010","descriptor_name":"Monte Carlo Method","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009333","descriptor_name":"Neck","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009333","descriptor_name":"Neck","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009333","descriptor_name":"Neck","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014953","descriptor_name":"Wrist","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014953","descriptor_name":"Wrist","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014953","descriptor_name":"Wrist","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017156","descriptor_name":"Photoplethysmography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017156","descriptor_name":"Photoplethysmography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017156","descriptor_name":"Photoplethysmography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc48229.2022.9871922","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc48229.2022.9871922","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607706","display_name":"2022 44th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 44th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmid:36085757","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36085757","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:spiral.imperial.ac.uk:10044/1/96714","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/10044/1/96714","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401396","display_name":"Spiral (Imperial College London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","host_organization_name":"Imperial College London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"44th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society","raw_type":"Conference Paper"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G4535705475","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"724334","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334678","funder_display_name":"European Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334678","display_name":"European Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0472cxd90"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2028558873","https://openalex.org/W2053040583","https://openalex.org/W2148293218","https://openalex.org/W2292374408","https://openalex.org/W2554247873","https://openalex.org/W2794685405","https://openalex.org/W2979575660","https://openalex.org/W3006683836","https://openalex.org/W3007767102","https://openalex.org/W3206086935","https://openalex.org/W4226332806"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2732360296","https://openalex.org/W1994871954","https://openalex.org/W4297152434","https://openalex.org/W2072858761","https://openalex.org/W1540261775","https://openalex.org/W4200107443","https://openalex.org/W4239033438","https://openalex.org/W1968279762","https://openalex.org/W2067862553","https://openalex.org/W2777534421"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"This":[0],"paper":[1],"presents":[2],"a":[3,9,100,127,132,150,197],"multilayer":[4,129],"Monte":[5],"Carlo":[6],"model":[7,130],"of":[8,82,90,99],"healthy":[10],"human":[11],"neck":[12,65,191,198],"to":[13,69,86,188,196],"investigate":[14,87],"the":[15,58,64,88,96,105,109,113,184,189],"light-tissue":[16],"interaction":[17],"during":[18],"different":[19,145],"perfusion":[20],"states":[21],"within":[22],"its":[23],"dermal":[24],"layer.":[25],"Whilst":[26],"there":[27],"is":[28],"great":[29],"interest":[30],"in":[31,47,131],"advancing":[32],"wearable":[33],"technologies":[34],"for":[35,104,174],"medical":[36],"applications,":[37],"and":[38,61,118,141,176],"non-invasive":[39],"techniques":[40],"like":[41,57],"photoplethysmography":[42],"(PPG)":[43],"have":[44],"been":[45],"studied":[46],"detail,":[48],"research":[49],"has":[50],"focused":[51],"on":[52,112],"more":[53],"conventional":[54],"body":[55,75],"regions":[56,76],"finger,":[59],"wrist,":[60],"ear.":[62],"Alternatively,":[63],"could":[66],"offer":[67],"access":[68],"additional":[70],"physiological":[71],"parameters":[72],"which":[73],"other":[74],"are":[77],"unsuitable":[78],"for.":[79],"The":[80,122],"aim":[81],"this":[83,180],"work":[84],"was":[85],"effects":[89],"several":[91],"factors":[92],"that":[93,156],"would":[94],"influence":[95],"optimum":[97],"design":[98],"reflectance":[101,133],"PPG":[102,199],"sensor":[103],"neck.":[106],"These":[107],"included":[108],"source-detector":[110,164],"separation":[111,165],"optical":[114],"path,":[115],"penetration":[116],"depth,":[117],"light":[119,182],"detection":[120],"efficiency.":[121],"results":[123],"were":[124],"generated":[125],"from":[126],"static":[128],"mode":[134],"geometry":[135],"at":[136],"two":[137],"wavelengths,":[138],"660":[139],"nm":[140],"880":[142],"nm,":[143],"containing":[144],"blood":[146],"volume":[147],"fractions":[148],"with":[149],"fixed":[151],"oxygen":[152],"saturation.":[153],"Simulations":[154],"indicated":[155],"both":[157],"wavelengths":[158],"penetrated":[159],"similar":[160],"depths,":[161],"where":[162],"optimal":[163],"should":[166],"not":[167],"exceed":[168],"3":[169],"mm":[170],"or":[171],"2.4":[172],"mm,":[173],"red":[175],"infrared":[177],"respectively.":[178],"Within":[179],"range,":[181],"interrogates":[183],"dermal-fat":[185],"boundary":[186],"corresponding":[187],"last":[190],"tissue":[192],"layer":[193],"positively":[194],"contributing":[195],"acquisition.":[200]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}