{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4295513005","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc48229.2022.9871654","title":"Effective Data Augmentation, Filters, and Automation Techniques for Automatic 12-Lead ECG Classification Using Deep Residual Neural Networks","display_name":"Effective Data Augmentation, Filters, and Automation Techniques for Automatic 12-Lead ECG Classification Using Deep Residual Neural Networks","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-07-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4295513005","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc48229.2022.9871654","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36086342"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc48229.2022.9871654","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc48229.2022.9871654","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607706","display_name":"2022 44th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 44th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Junmo An","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131230","display_name":"Philips (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03kw6wr76","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122849","https://openalex.org/I4210131230"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Junmo An","raw_affiliation_strings":["Advanced Algorithm Research Center, Philips Healthcare,Cambridge,MA,USA,02141"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Advanced Algorithm Research Center, Philips Healthcare,Cambridge,MA,USA,02141","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131230"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010676062","display_name":"Richard E. Gregg","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8858-2591"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131230","display_name":"Philips (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03kw6wr76","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122849","https://openalex.org/I4210131230"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Richard E. Gregg","raw_affiliation_strings":["Advanced Algorithm Research Center, Philips Healthcare,Cambridge,MA,USA,02141"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Advanced Algorithm Research Center, Philips Healthcare,Cambridge,MA,USA,02141","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131230"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062745699","display_name":"Soheil Borhani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4887-1417"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210131230","display_name":"Philips (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/03kw6wr76","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210122849","https://openalex.org/I4210131230"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Soheil Borhani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Advanced Algorithm Research Center, Philips Healthcare,Cambridge,MA,USA,02141"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Advanced Algorithm Research Center, Philips Healthcare,Cambridge,MA,USA,02141","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131230"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210131230"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.9635,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":10,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.93581081,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":95,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"2022","issue":null,"first_page":"1283","last_page":"1287"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11021","display_name":"ECG Monitoring and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11021","display_name":"ECG Monitoring and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9864000082015991,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12419","display_name":"Phonocardiography and Auscultation Techniques","score":0.9832000136375427,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6867642402648926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/residual","display_name":"Residual","score":0.6673572659492493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6271899938583374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sigmoid-function","display_name":"Sigmoid function","score":0.5946645736694336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5563411712646484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5106645226478577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dropout","display_name":"Dropout (neural networks)","score":0.5104202628135681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.501227617263794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/automation","display_name":"Automation","score":0.46560126543045044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3254460096359253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.13943320512771606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.10825365781784058}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6867642402648926},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C155512373","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q287450","display_name":"Residual","level":2,"score":0.6673572659492493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6271899938583374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81388566","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q526668","display_name":"Sigmoid function","level":3,"score":0.5946645736694336},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5563411712646484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5106645226478577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776145597","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25339462","display_name":"Dropout (neural networks)","level":2,"score":0.5104202628135681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.501227617263794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115901376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q184199","display_name":"Automation","level":2,"score":0.46560126543045044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3254460096359253},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.13943320512771606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.10825365781784058},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001331","descriptor_name":"Automation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001331","descriptor_name":"Automation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001331","descriptor_name":"Automation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004562","descriptor_name":"Electrocardiography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004562","descriptor_name":"Electrocardiography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004562","descriptor_name":"Electrocardiography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012815","descriptor_name":"Signal Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D044962","descriptor_name":"Data Compression","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D044962","descriptor_name":"Data Compression","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D044962","descriptor_name":"Data Compression","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc48229.2022.9871654","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc48229.2022.9871654","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607706","display_name":"2022 44th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 44th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmid:36086342","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36086342","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":38,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2103308415","https://openalex.org/W2104933073","https://openalex.org/W2148143831","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2289846183","https://openalex.org/W2605056515","https://openalex.org/W2752782242","https://openalex.org/W2765407302","https://openalex.org/W2799357314","https://openalex.org/W2806806521","https://openalex.org/W2888456553","https://openalex.org/W2902644322","https://openalex.org/W2934466128","https://openalex.org/W2954996726","https://openalex.org/W2955425717","https://openalex.org/W2978760586","https://openalex.org/W3000380360","https://openalex.org/W3002170060","https://openalex.org/W3007969083","https://openalex.org/W3035682985","https://openalex.org/W3046296398","https://openalex.org/W3121032337","https://openalex.org/W3128679101","https://openalex.org/W3142998727","https://openalex.org/W3197483693","https://openalex.org/W3199879497","https://openalex.org/W3214930076","https://openalex.org/W4214699119","https://openalex.org/W4286850439","https://openalex.org/W4295727797","https://openalex.org/W4312790104","https://openalex.org/W4313019775","https://openalex.org/W4320013936","https://openalex.org/W6675634716","https://openalex.org/W6762718338","https://openalex.org/W6788522963","https://openalex.org/W6848608339","https://openalex.org/W6848770173"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4385957115","https://openalex.org/W2061372042","https://openalex.org/W3047779762","https://openalex.org/W1520030019","https://openalex.org/W2071654592","https://openalex.org/W3104477175","https://openalex.org/W2088157920","https://openalex.org/W4313324256","https://openalex.org/W2019022049","https://openalex.org/W3082178636"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Automatic":[0],"electrocardiogram":[1],"(ECG)":[2],"analysis":[3],"plays":[4],"a":[5,125,191],"critical":[6],"role":[7],"in":[8],"early":[9],"detection":[10,69],"and":[11,16,20,33,49,52,81,122,124,160,183,211,237],"diagnosis":[12],"of":[13,30,40,78,98,152,178,199,223],"cardiac":[14,41,67],"abnormalities":[15,68],"diseases.":[17],"Data":[18],"augmentation":[19,48,117,182],"automation":[21,54,82,212],"strategies":[22],"have":[23],"been":[24],"proposed":[25,86,207],"to":[26,166,203,218],"enhance":[27],"the":[28,31,38,76,85,90,110,156,167,171,175,186,204,220,224,234],"robustness":[29],"machine":[32],"deep":[34,59,226],"learning":[35,227],"model":[36,64,88,228,235],"for":[37,65],"classification":[39,168,221],"abnormalities.":[42],"Here":[43],"we":[44],"propose":[45],"15":[46],"data":[47,79,116,181,208],"6":[50],"filters,":[51,210],"an":[53,57,215],"method":[55,146],"using":[56,84,135,185],"end-to-end":[58,225],"residual":[60],"neural":[61],"network":[62],"(ResNet)":[63],"automatic":[66],"from":[70,229],"12-lead":[71],"ECG":[72,230],"recordings.":[73],"We":[74],"evaluate":[75],"effectiveness":[77],"augmentation/filtering":[80],"techniques":[83,213],"ResNet-based":[87],"on":[89,109],"China":[91],"Physiological":[92],"Signal":[93],"Challenge":[94],"(CPSC)":[95],"dataset":[96,112],"consisting":[97],"9":[99,107],"diagnostic":[100],"classes.":[101],"The":[102,138,206],"average":[103,140,194],"F1":[104,141,195],"scores":[105],"across":[106],"classes":[108],"CPSC":[111],"trained":[113],"with":[114,143],"three":[115],"(baseline":[118],"wander":[119],"addition,":[120],"dropout,":[121],"scaling)":[123],"filter":[126,184],"(sigmoid":[127],"compression)":[128],"were":[129,164],"significantly":[130,148,192],"higher":[131,149,193],"than":[132,155],"that":[133,174],"without":[134,232],"augmentation/filters":[136],"(baseline).":[137],"highest":[139],"score":[142,196],"sigmoid":[144],"compression":[145],"was":[147],"(relative":[150,197],"improvement":[151,198],"2.04":[153],"%)":[154,201],"baseline":[157],"while":[158],"horizontal":[159],"vertical":[161],"flipping":[162],"augmentations":[163],"detrimental":[165],"performance.":[169],"Additionally,":[170],"results":[172],"show":[173],"random":[176],"combination":[177],"four":[179],"selected":[180],"modified":[187],"RandAugment":[188],"technique":[189],"provided":[190],"2.54":[200],"compared":[202],"baseline.":[205],"augmentation,":[209],"provide":[214],"effective":[216],"solution":[217],"improve":[219],"performance":[222],"recordings":[231],"changing":[233],"hyperparameters":[236],"structure.":[238]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-03-25T23:56:10.502304","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}