{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4294975259","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc48229.2022.9871414","title":"A Model Visualization-based Approach for Insight into Waveforms and Spectra Learned by CNNs","display_name":"A Model Visualization-based Approach for Insight into Waveforms and Spectra Learned by CNNs","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-07-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4294975259","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc48229.2022.9871414","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36086296"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc48229.2022.9871414","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc48229.2022.9871414","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607706","display_name":"2022 44th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine &amp; Biology Society (EMBC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 44th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine &amp; Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087195705","display_name":"Charles A. Ellis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1547-9996"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150468666","display_name":"Emory University","ror":"https://ror.org/03czfpz43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181565077","display_name":"Georgia State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03qt6ba18","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181565077"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133909","display_name":"Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science","ror":"https://ror.org/02qx6zf82","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444","https://openalex.org/I150468666","https://openalex.org/I181565077","https://openalex.org/I4210133909"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Charles A. Ellis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tri-institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science: Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University,Atlanta,GA,USA,30303"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tri-institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science: Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University,Atlanta,GA,USA,30303","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133909","https://openalex.org/I130701444","https://openalex.org/I181565077","https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024242506","display_name":"Robyn L. Miller","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4679-7567"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150468666","display_name":"Emory University","ror":"https://ror.org/03czfpz43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181565077","display_name":"Georgia State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03qt6ba18","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181565077"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133909","display_name":"Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science","ror":"https://ror.org/02qx6zf82","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444","https://openalex.org/I150468666","https://openalex.org/I181565077","https://openalex.org/I4210133909"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robyn L. Miller","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tri-institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science: Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University,Atlanta,GA,USA,30303"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tri-institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science: Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University,Atlanta,GA,USA,30303","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133909","https://openalex.org/I130701444","https://openalex.org/I181565077","https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032850756","display_name":"Vince D. Calhoun","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9058-0747"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130701444","display_name":"Georgia Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/01zkghx44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I150468666","display_name":"Emory University","ror":"https://ror.org/03czfpz43","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I150468666"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I181565077","display_name":"Georgia State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03qt6ba18","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I181565077"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133909","display_name":"Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science","ror":"https://ror.org/02qx6zf82","country_code":"US","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130701444","https://openalex.org/I150468666","https://openalex.org/I181565077","https://openalex.org/I4210133909"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vince D. Calhoun","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tri-institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science: Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University,Atlanta,GA,USA,30303"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tri-institutional Center for Translational Research in Neuroimaging and Data Science: Georgia State University, Georgia Institute of Technology, Emory University,Atlanta,GA,USA,30303","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133909","https://openalex.org/I130701444","https://openalex.org/I181565077","https://openalex.org/I150468666"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5087195705"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130701444","https://openalex.org/I150468666","https://openalex.org/I181565077","https://openalex.org/I4210133909"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.8092,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":15,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92724098,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"2022","issue":null,"first_page":"1643","last_page":"1646"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11021","display_name":"ECG Monitoring and Analysis","score":0.9851999878883362,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12205","display_name":"Time Series Analysis and Forecasting","score":0.9642999768257141,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8121252059936523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.715376615524292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.69034343957901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visualization","display_name":"Visualization","score":0.6031856536865234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.5838611125946045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5648295283317566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.48837441205978394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/relevance","display_name":"Relevance (law)","score":0.46691134572029114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waveform","display_name":"Waveform","score":0.4637961983680725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.45704159140586853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electroencephalography","display_name":"Electroencephalography","score":0.44405877590179443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.4401463568210602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transfer-of-learning","display_name":"Transfer of learning","score":0.43522581458091736}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8121252059936523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.715376615524292},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.69034343957901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.6031856536865234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.5838611125946045},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5648295283317566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.48837441205978394},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158154518","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310970","display_name":"Relevance (law)","level":2,"score":0.46691134572029114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197424946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165717","display_name":"Waveform","level":3,"score":0.4637961983680725},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.45704159140586853},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522805319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965","display_name":"Electroencephalography","level":2,"score":0.44405877590179443},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4401463568210602},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150899416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820378","display_name":"Transfer of learning","level":2,"score":0.43522581458091736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199539241","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7748","display_name":"Law","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17744445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q36442","display_name":"Political science","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D012890","descriptor_name":"Sleep","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012890","descriptor_name":"Sleep","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012890","descriptor_name":"Sleep","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012894","descriptor_name":"Sleep Stages","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012894","descriptor_name":"Sleep Stages","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012894","descriptor_name":"Sleep Stages","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc48229.2022.9871414","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc48229.2022.9871414","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607706","display_name":"2022 44th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine &amp; Biology Society (EMBC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 44th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine &amp; Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmid:36086296","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36086296","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G3685796033","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R01EB006841","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","funder_display_name":"National Institutes of Health"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320332161","display_name":"National Institutes of Health","ror":"https://ror.org/01cwqze88"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2125752251","https://openalex.org/W2180889008","https://openalex.org/W2529700114","https://openalex.org/W2790486743","https://openalex.org/W2903696695","https://openalex.org/W2963469393","https://openalex.org/W3009188842","https://openalex.org/W3080718218","https://openalex.org/W3133961566","https://openalex.org/W3179945780","https://openalex.org/W4225363596","https://openalex.org/W4236182490","https://openalex.org/W4248533000","https://openalex.org/W4309950855","https://openalex.org/W6798099140"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1974895211","https://openalex.org/W3183901164","https://openalex.org/W3135818718","https://openalex.org/W4290188444","https://openalex.org/W3176438653","https://openalex.org/W3167935049","https://openalex.org/W3003905048","https://openalex.org/W2253429366","https://openalex.org/W3127975138","https://openalex.org/W2979740303"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recent":[0],"years":[1],"have":[2,38],"shown":[3],"a":[4,32,87,147,194],"growth":[5],"in":[6,96,198,213],"the":[7,44,94,97,102,109,128,134,140,167,182,188,223],"application":[8],"of":[9,65,79,101,136,142,160,170,173,227],"deep":[10],"learning":[11],"architectures":[12],"such":[13],"as":[14],"convolutional":[15,99],"neural":[16,24],"networks":[17,25],"(CNNs),":[18],"to":[19,187],"electrophysiology":[20,54,201],"analysis.":[21],"However,":[22,52],"using":[23],"with":[26,162,222],"raw":[27],"time-series":[28,229],"data":[29],"makes":[30],"explainability":[31,36,199],"significant":[33,195],"challenge.":[34],"Multiple":[35],"approaches":[37],"been":[39],"developed":[40],"for":[41,200,210],"insight":[42,72,126],"into":[43,73,127],"spectral":[45,130,164],"features":[46],"learned":[47,75,120,129,180],"by":[48,76,121,181],"CNNs":[49,77,122],"from":[50,117],"EEG.":[51],"across":[53],"modalities,":[55],"and":[56,175,225],"even":[57],"within":[58,139],"EEG,":[59],"there":[60],"are":[61,78],"many":[62],"unique":[63,178],"waveforms":[64,74,119,179],"clinical":[66,228],"relevance.":[67],"Existing":[68],"methods":[69],"that":[70,92,150,184],"provide":[71],"questionable":[80],"utility.":[81],"In":[82],"this":[83,107],"study,":[84],"we":[85,204],"present":[86],"novel":[88],"model":[89],"visualization-based":[90],"approach":[91,138,192,219],"analyzes":[93],"filters":[95,161],"first":[98,110],"layer":[100],"network.":[103],"To":[104],"our":[105,137,154],"knowledge,":[106],"is":[108],"method":[111],"focused":[112],"on":[113],"extracting":[114],"explainable":[115],"information":[116],"EEG":[118],"while":[123],"also":[124,205],"providing":[125,211],"features.":[131],"We":[132,156],"demonstrate":[133],"viability":[135],"context":[141],"automated":[143],"sleep":[144],"stage":[145],"classification,":[146],"well-characterized":[148],"domain":[149],"can":[151,220],"help":[152],"validate":[153],"approach.":[155],"identify":[157,176],"3":[158],"subgroups":[159],"distinct":[163],"properties,":[165],"determine":[166],"relative":[168],"importance":[169],"each":[171],"group":[172],"filters,":[174],"several":[177],"classifier":[183,189],"were":[185],"vital":[186],"performance.":[190],"Our":[191,218],"represents":[193],"step":[196],"forward":[197],"classifiers,":[202],"which":[203],"hope":[206],"will":[207],"be":[208],"useful":[209],"insights":[212],"future":[214],"studies.":[215],"Clinical":[216],"Relevance-":[217],"assist":[221],"development":[224],"validation":[226],"classifiers.":[230]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-25T13:04:00.132906","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
