{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4295510060","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc48229.2022.9871253","title":"Fully Automatic Classification of Cardiotocographic Signals with 1D-CNN and Bi-directional GRU","display_name":"Fully Automatic Classification of Cardiotocographic Signals with 1D-CNN and Bi-directional GRU","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-07-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4295510060","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc48229.2022.9871253","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36086166"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc48229.2022.9871253","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc48229.2022.9871253","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607706","display_name":"2022 44th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 44th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5018841882","display_name":"Huanwen Liang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3412-8534"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180726961","display_name":"Shenzhen University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vy4gh70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210152380","display_name":"Shenzhen Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/04qzpec27","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210152380"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Huanwen Liang","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Big Data and Internet, Shenzhen Technology University,Shenzhen,China","College of Big Data and Internet, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, China","School of Applied Technology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Big Data and Internet, Shenzhen Technology University,Shenzhen,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210152380"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Big Data and Internet, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210152380"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Applied Technology, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210152380","https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063621364","display_name":"Yu Lu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7799-9794"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210152380","display_name":"Shenzhen Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/04qzpec27","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210152380"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu Lu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Big Data and Internet, Shenzhen Technology University,Shenzhen,China","College of Big Data and Internet, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Big Data and Internet, Shenzhen Technology University,Shenzhen,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210152380"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Big Data and Internet, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210152380"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073540330","display_name":"Qianying Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0765-7243"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7882870","display_name":"University of Glasgow","ror":"https://ror.org/00vtgdb53","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qianying Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing Science, University of Glasgow,Glasgow,UK","School of Computing Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing Science, University of Glasgow,Glasgow,UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing Science, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I7882870"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037794437","display_name":"Xianghua Fu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4431-3386"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210152380","display_name":"Shenzhen Technology University","ror":"https://ror.org/04qzpec27","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210152380"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xianghua Fu","raw_affiliation_strings":["College of Big Data and Internet, Shenzhen Technology University,Shenzhen,China","College of Big Data and Internet, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Big Data and Internet, Shenzhen Technology University,Shenzhen,China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210152380"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"College of Big Data and Internet, Shenzhen Technology University, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210152380"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"2022","issue":null,"first_page":"4590","last_page":"4594"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11184","display_name":"Neonatal and fetal brain pathology","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2735","display_name":"Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11184","display_name":"Neonatal and fetal brain pathology","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2735","display_name":"Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11021","display_name":"ECG Monitoring and Analysis","score":0.996399998664856,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fetal-heart-rate","display_name":"Fetal heart rate","score":0.6637759804725647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fetus","display_name":"Fetus","score":0.6353886127471924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4546948969364166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fetal-hypoxia","display_name":"Fetal hypoxia","score":0.42509007453918457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contraction","display_name":"Contraction (grammar)","score":0.4115036725997925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.36419373750686646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3487066626548767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pregnancy","display_name":"Pregnancy","score":0.34077972173690796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/obstetrics","display_name":"Obstetrics","score":0.32862311601638794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-medicine","display_name":"Internal medicine","score":0.2009550929069519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.07389038801193237}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020626262","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q886292","display_name":"Fetal heart rate","level":4,"score":0.6637759804725647},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C172680121","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q26513","display_name":"Fetus","level":3,"score":0.6353886127471924},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4546948969364166},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2994111428","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4113828","display_name":"Fetal hypoxia","level":4,"score":0.42509007453918457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163415756","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126473","display_name":"Contraction (grammar)","level":2,"score":0.4115036725997925},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.36419373750686646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3487066626548767},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779234561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11995","display_name":"Pregnancy","level":2,"score":0.34077972173690796},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C131872663","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5284418","display_name":"Obstetrics","level":1,"score":0.32862311601638794},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.2009550929069519},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.07389038801193237},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54355233","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7162","display_name":"Genetics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005318","descriptor_name":"Fetal Heart","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005318","descriptor_name":"Fetal Heart","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005318","descriptor_name":"Fetal Heart","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005323","descriptor_name":"Fetal Monitoring","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005323","descriptor_name":"Fetal Monitoring","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005323","descriptor_name":"Fetal Monitoring","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006340","descriptor_name":"Heart Rate, Fetal","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006340","descriptor_name":"Heart Rate, Fetal","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006340","descriptor_name":"Heart Rate, Fetal","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011247","descriptor_name":"Pregnancy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011247","descriptor_name":"Pregnancy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011247","descriptor_name":"Pregnancy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014590","descriptor_name":"Uterine Contraction","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014590","descriptor_name":"Uterine Contraction","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014590","descriptor_name":"Uterine Contraction","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc48229.2022.9871253","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc48229.2022.9871253","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607706","display_name":"2022 44th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 44th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmid:36086166","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36086166","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.6800000071525574}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W14252991","https://openalex.org/W1686810756","https://openalex.org/W1975929856","https://openalex.org/W1984186688","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2086929706","https://openalex.org/W2117399799","https://openalex.org/W2157331557","https://openalex.org/W2168669247","https://openalex.org/W2171630164","https://openalex.org/W2291961022","https://openalex.org/W2324940279","https://openalex.org/W2726264666","https://openalex.org/W2774072613","https://openalex.org/W2804196013","https://openalex.org/W2805693781","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2957180445","https://openalex.org/W2965479751","https://openalex.org/W2987876617","https://openalex.org/W3027457525","https://openalex.org/W3064554225","https://openalex.org/W3112262844","https://openalex.org/W3119316801","https://openalex.org/W3125663108","https://openalex.org/W3168997536","https://openalex.org/W6600597272","https://openalex.org/W6637373629"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2056752164","https://openalex.org/W4285064608","https://openalex.org/W2416190606","https://openalex.org/W2368136628","https://openalex.org/W332424818","https://openalex.org/W2363086700","https://openalex.org/W2042243158","https://openalex.org/W2400488930"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Prenatal":[0],"fetal":[1,41,56,64,103],"monitoring,":[2],"which":[3,32,144],"can":[4,145],"monitor":[5],"the":[6,11,28,72,83,87,91,99,118,124,130,138,141],"growth":[7],"and":[8,44,50,76,93,106,117,129,148,154,157],"health":[9,65],"of":[10,102,140],"fetus,":[12],"is":[13,23,30,120,126,132],"vital":[14],"for":[15,115],"pregnant":[16],"women":[17],"before":[18],"delivery.":[19],"During":[20],"pregnancy,":[21],"it":[22],"essential":[24,61],"to":[25,39,62,97],"classify":[26],"whether":[27],"fetus":[29],"abnormal,":[31],"helps":[33],"physicians":[34,147],"carry":[35],"out":[36],"early":[37],"intervention":[38],"avoid":[40],"heart":[42,48,57,104],"hypoxia":[43],"even":[45],"death.":[46],"Fetal":[47],"rate":[49,105],"uterine":[51,107],"contraction":[52,108],"signals":[53],"obtained":[54,73],"by":[55],"monitoring":[58],"equipment":[59],"are":[60,113],"estimate":[63],"status.":[66],"In":[67],"this":[68],"paper,":[69],"we":[70],"pre-process":[71],"data":[74],"set":[75],"enhance":[77],"them":[78],"using":[79],"Hermite":[80],"interpolation":[81],"on":[82],"abnormal":[84],"classification":[85],"in":[86],"samples.":[88],"We":[89],"use":[90],"1D-CNN":[92],"GRU":[94],"hybrid":[95],"models":[96],"extract":[98],"abstract":[100],"features":[101],"signals.":[109],"Several":[110],"evaluation":[111],"metrics":[112],"used":[114],"evaluation,":[116],"accuracy":[119],"96":[121,133],"%,":[122,128],"while":[123],"sensitivity":[125],"95":[127],"specificity":[131],"%.":[134],"The":[135],"experiments":[136],"show":[137],"effectiveness":[139],"proposed":[142],"method,":[143],"provide":[146],"users":[149],"with":[150],"more":[151],"stable,":[152],"efficient,":[153],"convenient":[155],"diagnosis":[156],"decision":[158],"support.":[159]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}