{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4295474463","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc48229.2022.9871124","title":"Multiclass Convolutional Neural Networks for Atrial Fibrillation Classification","display_name":"Multiclass Convolutional Neural Networks for Atrial Fibrillation Classification","publication_year":2022,"publication_date":"2022-07-11","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4295474463","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc48229.2022.9871124","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36086141"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc48229.2022.9871124","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc48229.2022.9871124","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607706","display_name":"2022 44th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine &amp; Biology Society (EMBC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 44th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine &amp; Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068731989","display_name":"Agnese Sbrollini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9152-7216"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122534668","display_name":"Marche Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/00x69rs40","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122534668"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Agnese Sbrollini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit&#x00E0; Politecnica delle Marche,Department of Information Engineering,Ancona,Italy,60131"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit&#x00E0; Politecnica delle Marche,Department of Information Engineering,Ancona,Italy,60131","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122534668"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040921532","display_name":"Selene Tomassini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1087-7004"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122534668","display_name":"Marche Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/00x69rs40","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122534668"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Selene Tomassini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit&#x00E0; Politecnica delle Marche,Department of Information Engineering,Ancona,Italy,60131"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit&#x00E0; Politecnica delle Marche,Department of Information Engineering,Ancona,Italy,60131","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122534668"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068388158","display_name":"Enrico Emaldi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122534668","display_name":"Marche Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/00x69rs40","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122534668"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Enrico Emaldi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit&#x00E0; Politecnica delle Marche,Department of Information Engineering,Ancona,Italy,60131"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit&#x00E0; Politecnica delle Marche,Department of Information Engineering,Ancona,Italy,60131","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122534668"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081966124","display_name":"Ilaria Marcantoni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8053-3530"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122534668","display_name":"Marche Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/00x69rs40","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122534668"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ilaria Marcantoni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit&#x00E0; Politecnica delle Marche,Department of Information Engineering,Ancona,Italy,60131"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit&#x00E0; Politecnica delle Marche,Department of Information Engineering,Ancona,Italy,60131","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122534668"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017957196","display_name":"Micaela Morettini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8327-8379"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122534668","display_name":"Marche Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/00x69rs40","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122534668"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Micaela Morettini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit&#x00E0; Politecnica delle Marche,Department of Information Engineering,Ancona,Italy,60131"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit&#x00E0; Politecnica delle Marche,Department of Information Engineering,Ancona,Italy,60131","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122534668"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5061532042","display_name":"Aldo F. Dragoni","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122534668","display_name":"Marche Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/00x69rs40","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122534668"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aldo F. Dragoni","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit&#x00E0; Politecnica delle Marche,Department of Information Engineering,Ancona,Italy,60131"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit&#x00E0; Politecnica delle Marche,Department of Information Engineering,Ancona,Italy,60131","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122534668"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091455235","display_name":"Laura Burattini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9474-7046"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I122534668","display_name":"Marche Polytechnic University","ror":"https://ror.org/00x69rs40","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122534668"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Laura Burattini","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universit&#x00E0; Politecnica delle Marche,Department of Information Engineering,Ancona,Italy,60131"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universit&#x00E0; Politecnica delle Marche,Department of Information Engineering,Ancona,Italy,60131","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122534668"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I122534668"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":4,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"2022","issue":null,"first_page":"1288","last_page":"1291"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11021","display_name":"ECG Monitoring and Analysis","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11021","display_name":"ECG Monitoring and Analysis","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10065","display_name":"Atrial Fibrillation Management and Outcomes","score":0.9993000030517578,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11217","display_name":"Cardiac Arrhythmias and Treatments","score":0.9970999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7537804245948792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6519118547439575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6406329870223999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multiclass-classification","display_name":"Multiclass classification","score":0.634009063243866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6102182269096375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-classification","display_name":"Binary classification","score":0.5238982439041138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.516305148601532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/supraventricular-arrhythmia","display_name":"Supraventricular arrhythmia","score":0.46980318427085876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.4484465718269348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/receiver-operating-characteristic","display_name":"Receiver operating characteristic","score":0.42818087339401245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/binary-number","display_name":"Binary number","score":0.4167848229408264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/atrial-fibrillation","display_name":"Atrial fibrillation","score":0.3854166865348816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3089577555656433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.161487877368927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cardiology","display_name":"Cardiology","score":0.16011974215507507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.15151646733283997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.12409001588821411}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7537804245948792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6519118547439575},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6406329870223999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C123860398","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6934605","display_name":"Multiclass classification","level":3,"score":0.634009063243866},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6102182269096375},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66905080","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17005494","display_name":"Binary classification","level":3,"score":0.5238982439041138},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.516305148601532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910597771","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1598909","display_name":"Supraventricular arrhythmia","level":3,"score":0.46980318427085876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4484465718269348},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58471807","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327120","display_name":"Receiver operating characteristic","level":2,"score":0.42818087339401245},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48372109","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3913","display_name":"Binary number","level":2,"score":0.4167848229408264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779161974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q815819","display_name":"Atrial fibrillation","level":2,"score":0.3854166865348816},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3089577555656433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.161487877368927},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164705383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10379","display_name":"Cardiology","level":1,"score":0.16011974215507507},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.15151646733283997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.12409001588821411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94375191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11205","display_name":"Arithmetic","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001281","descriptor_name":"Atrial Fibrillation","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001281","descriptor_name":"Atrial Fibrillation","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001281","descriptor_name":"Atrial Fibrillation","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004562","descriptor_name":"Electrocardiography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004562","descriptor_name":"Electrocardiography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004562","descriptor_name":"Electrocardiography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018879","descriptor_name":"Ventricular Premature Complexes","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D018879","descriptor_name":"Ventricular Premature Complexes","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D018879","descriptor_name":"Ventricular Premature Complexes","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D058067","descriptor_name":"Wavelet Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D058067","descriptor_name":"Wavelet Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D058067","descriptor_name":"Wavelet Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc48229.2022.9871124","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc48229.2022.9871124","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607706","display_name":"2022 44th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine &amp; Biology Society (EMBC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2022 44th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine &amp; Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmid:36086141","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36086141","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.unitn.it:11572/403285","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://hdl.handle.net/11572/403285","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196320","display_name":"Iris (University of Trento)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I193223587","host_organization_name":"University of Trento","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I193223587"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"},{"id":"pmh:oai:iris.univpm.it:11566/306481","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11566/306481","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402571","display_name":"Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche (Universit\u00e0 Politecnica delle Marche)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I122534668","host_organization_name":"Marche Polytechnic University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I122534668"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10","display_name":"Reduced inequalities","score":0.6399999856948853}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1519128654","https://openalex.org/W1966629336","https://openalex.org/W2098240323","https://openalex.org/W2119905314","https://openalex.org/W2162602376","https://openalex.org/W2162800060","https://openalex.org/W2175831944","https://openalex.org/W2915791322","https://openalex.org/W2973178436","https://openalex.org/W2980265635","https://openalex.org/W3037157159","https://openalex.org/W3098699929","https://openalex.org/W3205516689","https://openalex.org/W6683715041","https://openalex.org/W6768440610"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2266938806","https://openalex.org/W4376528628","https://openalex.org/W2940055329","https://openalex.org/W4287760213","https://openalex.org/W3034642336","https://openalex.org/W3216067289","https://openalex.org/W1537592868","https://openalex.org/W3179518614","https://openalex.org/W2470590370","https://openalex.org/W4200065130"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Atrial":[0],"fibrillation":[1],"(AF)":[2],"is":[3,16,48,73],"a":[4,76,83,121,161,169,193],"common":[5],"supraventricular":[6],"arrhythmia.":[7],"Its":[8],"automatic":[9],"identification":[10],"by":[11,124,148,192],"standard":[12],"12-lead":[13,105],"electrocardiography":[14],"(ECG)":[15],"still":[17],"challenging.":[18],"Recently,":[19],"deep":[20],"learning":[21],"provided":[22],"new":[23,77],"instruments":[24],"able":[25,88],"to":[26,57,74,89,119,159,236,246,266],"mimic":[27],"the":[28,51,111,165,209,213],"diagnostic":[29],"ability":[30],"of":[31,37,70,140,198,206,212],"clinicians":[32],"but":[33],"only":[34],"in":[35,114,204,272],"case":[36],"binary":[38,46,176,237],"classification":[39,47],"(AF":[40,178,222],"vs.":[41,185],"normal":[42],"sinus":[43],"rhythm-NSR).":[44],"However,":[45],"far":[49],"from":[50,61,92,110,254],"real":[52,273],"scenarios,":[53],"where":[54],"AF":[55,78,91,129,242,252,262,270],"has":[56],"be":[58,247,267],"discriminated":[59],"also":[60],"several":[62],"other":[63],"physiological":[64,255],"and":[65,98,135,152,174,182,190,234,256],"pathological":[66,257],"conditions.":[67],"The":[68],"aim":[69],"this":[71],"work":[72],"present":[75],"multiclass":[79,170,243,263],"classifier":[80,218,244,264],"based":[81],"on":[82],"convolutional":[84],"neural":[85],"network":[86],"(CNN),":[87],"discriminate":[90],"NSR,":[93],"premature":[94,99],"atrial":[95],"contraction":[96,101],"(PAC)":[97],"ventricular":[100],"(PVC).":[102],"Overall,":[103],"2796":[104],"ECG":[106,142],"recordings":[107],"were":[108,188],"selected":[109],"open-source":[112],"\"PhysioNet/Computing":[113],"Cardiology":[115],"Challenge":[116],"2021\"":[117],"database,":[118],"construct":[120],"dataset":[122],"constituted":[123],"four":[125],"balanced":[126],"classes,":[127],"namely":[128],"class,":[130,132,134,179,181],"PAC":[131,180,225],"PVC":[133,183,228],"NSR":[136,186,231],"class.":[137],"Each":[138],"lead":[139],"each":[141],"recording":[143],"was":[144,202,220],"decomposed":[145],"into":[146],"spectrogram":[147],"continuous":[149],"wavelet":[150],"transform":[151],"saved":[153],"as":[154],"2D":[155],"grayscale":[156],"images,":[157],"used":[158],"feed":[160],"6-layers":[162],"CNN.":[163],"Considering":[164],"same":[166],"CNN":[167,241,261],"architecture,":[168],"classifiers":[171,177],"(all":[172],"classes)":[173],"three":[175],"class":[184],"class)":[187],"created":[189],"validated":[191],"stratified":[194],"shuffle":[195],"split":[196],"cross-validation":[197],"10":[199],"splits.":[200],"Performance":[201],"quantified":[203],"terms":[205],"area":[207],"under":[208],"curve":[210],"(AUC)":[211],"receiver":[214],"operating":[215],"characteristic.":[216],"Multiclass":[217],"performance":[219],"high":[221],"class:":[223,226,229,232],"96.6%;":[224],"95.3%;":[227],"92.8%;":[230],"97.4%)":[233],"preferable":[235],"classifiers.":[238],"Thus,":[239],"our":[240],"proved":[245,265],"an":[248],"efficient":[249],"tool":[250],"for":[251,269],"discrimination":[253,271],"confounders.":[258],"Clinical":[259],"Relevance-Our":[260],"suitable":[268],"scenarios.":[274]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
