{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4200457167","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc46164.2021.9631082","title":"An Interpretable Machine Learning Model to Classify Coronary Bifurcation Lesions","display_name":"An Interpretable Machine Learning Model to Classify Coronary Bifurcation Lesions","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4200457167","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc46164.2021.9631082","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34892203"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc46164.2021.9631082","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc46164.2021.9631082","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607750","display_name":"2021 43rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 43rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100683613","display_name":"Xiaoqian Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3027-2491"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoqian Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5024269185","display_name":"Madhurima Vardhan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4019-7832"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Madhurima Vardhan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079032627","display_name":"Qinrou Wen","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76130692","display_name":"Zhejiang University","ror":"https://ror.org/00a2xv884","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Qinrou Wen","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Mathematical Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Mathematical Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76130692"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038372202","display_name":"Arpita Das","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5939-2382"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arpita Das","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056497188","display_name":"Amanda Randles","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6318-3885"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I170897317","display_name":"Duke University","ror":"https://ror.org/00py81415","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amanda Randles","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I170897317"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Eric C. Chi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I137902535","display_name":"North Carolina State University","ror":"https://ror.org/04tj63d06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eric C. Chi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Statistics, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, NC, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I137902535"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"2021","issue":null,"first_page":"4432","last_page":"4435"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10193","display_name":"Coronary Interventions and Diagnostics","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10193","display_name":"Coronary Interventions and Diagnostics","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10372","display_name":"Cardiac Imaging and Diagnostics","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10821","display_name":"Cardiovascular Function and Risk Factors","score":0.9952999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/bifurcation","display_name":"Bifurcation","score":0.6969032883644104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/hemodynamics","display_name":"Hemodynamics","score":0.6473104357719421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coronary-artery-disease","display_name":"Coronary artery disease","score":0.6237755417823792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cad","display_name":"CAD","score":0.5863005518913269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5315328240394592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5170196294784546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tree","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","score":0.4669540822505951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lesion","display_name":"Lesion","score":0.43245846033096313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cardiology","display_name":"Cardiology","score":0.4270455241203308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.37733787298202515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nonlinear-system","display_name":"Nonlinear system","score":0.3636811077594757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.2696689963340759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.24179086089134216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surgery","display_name":"Surgery","score":0.13669639825820923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.10244572162628174}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781349735","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4904824","display_name":"Bifurcation","level":3,"score":0.6969032883644104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C178853913","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1642137","display_name":"Hemodynamics","level":2,"score":0.6473104357719421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778213512","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844935","display_name":"Coronary artery disease","level":2,"score":0.6237755417823792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194789388","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17855283","display_name":"CAD","level":2,"score":0.5863005518913269},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5315328240394592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5170196294784546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C113174947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2859736","display_name":"Tree (set theory)","level":2,"score":0.4669540822505951},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781156865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q827023","display_name":"Lesion","level":2,"score":0.43245846033096313},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164705383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10379","display_name":"Cardiology","level":1,"score":0.4270455241203308},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.37733787298202515},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C158622935","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660848","display_name":"Nonlinear system","level":2,"score":0.3636811077594757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.2696689963340759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.24179086089134216},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141071460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q40821","display_name":"Surgery","level":1,"score":0.13669639825820923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.10244572162628174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C134306372","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7754","display_name":"Mathematical analysis","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199639397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1788588","display_name":"Engineering drawing","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003324","descriptor_name":"Coronary Artery Disease","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003324","descriptor_name":"Coronary Artery Disease","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003324","descriptor_name":"Coronary Artery Disease","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003324","descriptor_name":"Coronary Artery Disease","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003324","descriptor_name":"Coronary Artery Disease","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006321","descriptor_name":"Heart","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006321","descriptor_name":"Heart","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006321","descriptor_name":"Heart","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006321","descriptor_name":"Heart","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006321","descriptor_name":"Heart","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006439","descriptor_name":"Hemodynamics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006439","descriptor_name":"Hemodynamics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006439","descriptor_name":"Hemodynamics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006439","descriptor_name":"Hemodynamics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006439","descriptor_name":"Hemodynamics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013314","descriptor_name":"Stress, Mechanical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013314","descriptor_name":"Stress, Mechanical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013314","descriptor_name":"Stress, Mechanical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013314","descriptor_name":"Stress, Mechanical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013314","descriptor_name":"Stress, Mechanical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc46164.2021.9631082","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc46164.2021.9631082","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607750","display_name":"2021 43rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 43rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmid:34892203","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34892203","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:europepmc.org:10994495","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/12184847","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400806","display_name":"Europe PMC (PubMed Central)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1303153112","host_organization_name":"European Bioinformatics Institute","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1303153112"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Text"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.800000011920929}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G616632137","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"U01 CA253511","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337351","funder_display_name":"National Cancer Institute"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8452673605","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"R21 HL157856","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337338","funder_display_name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337338","display_name":"National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/012pb6c26"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320337351","display_name":"National Cancer Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/040gcmg81"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W8496504","https://openalex.org/W330457891","https://openalex.org/W1497148038","https://openalex.org/W2011505588","https://openalex.org/W2023304352","https://openalex.org/W2028784178","https://openalex.org/W2066870047","https://openalex.org/W2084621368","https://openalex.org/W2087518289","https://openalex.org/W2091161312","https://openalex.org/W2150901782","https://openalex.org/W2153730006","https://openalex.org/W2314867500","https://openalex.org/W2330820318","https://openalex.org/W2548343294","https://openalex.org/W2913588987","https://openalex.org/W2951358301","https://openalex.org/W3011291275"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W637098845","https://openalex.org/W2410116073","https://openalex.org/W3044972437","https://openalex.org/W2275866607","https://openalex.org/W1908932129","https://openalex.org/W2587289131","https://openalex.org/W2365000768","https://openalex.org/W4230876021","https://openalex.org/W3213079724","https://openalex.org/W2061090220"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Coronary":[0,8],"bifurcation":[1,16],"lesions":[2,17],"are":[3],"a":[4,69,108,119],"leading":[5],"cause":[6],"of":[7,27,31,59,116,121,135],"Artery":[9],"Disease":[10],"(CAD).":[11],"Despite":[12],"its":[13],"prevalence,":[14],"coronary":[15],"remain":[18],"difficult":[19],"to":[20,23,55,83,132],"treat":[21],"due":[22],"our":[24],"incomplete":[25],"understanding":[26],"how":[28],"various":[29],"features":[30,62],"lesion":[32,145],"anatomy":[33,146],"synergistically":[34],"disrupt":[35],"normal":[36],"hemodynamic":[37,65,137],"flow.":[38],"In":[39],"this":[40],"work,":[41],"we":[42],"employ":[43],"an":[44,141],"interpretable":[45],"machine":[46],"learning":[47],"algorithm,":[48],"the":[49,57,80,85,97,130],"Classification":[50],"and":[51,78,144,147],"Regression":[52],"Tree":[53],"(CART),":[54],"model":[56,115],"impact":[58],"these":[60],"geometric":[61],"on":[63,140],"local":[64],"quantities.":[66],"We":[67],"generate":[68],"synthetic":[70],"arterial":[71],"database":[72],"via":[73],"computational":[74],"fluid":[75],"dynamic":[76],"simulations":[77],"apply":[79],"CART":[81,105],"approach":[82],"predict":[84],"time":[86],"averaged":[87],"wall":[88],"shear":[89],"stress":[90],"(TAWSS)":[91],"at":[92],"two":[93],"different":[94],"locations":[95],"within":[96],"cardiac":[98,143],"vasculature.":[99],"Our":[100],"experimental":[101],"results":[102],"show":[103],"that":[104],"can":[106],"estimate":[107],"simple,":[109],"interpretable,":[110],"yet":[111],"accurately":[112],"predictive":[113],"nonlinear":[114],"TAWSS":[117],"as":[118],"function":[120],"such":[122],"features.Clinical":[123],"relevance-":[124],"The":[125],"fitted":[126],"tree":[127],"models":[128],"have":[129],"potential":[131],"refine":[133],"predictions":[134],"disturbed":[136],"flow":[138],"based":[139],"individual's":[142],"consequently":[148],"makes":[149],"progress":[150],"towards":[151],"personalized":[152],"treatment":[153],"planning":[154],"for":[155],"CAD":[156],"patients.":[157]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}