{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4200357940","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc46164.2021.9631059","title":"An Unobtrusive Fall Detection System Using Low Resolution Thermal Sensors and Convolutional Neural Networks","display_name":"An Unobtrusive Fall Detection System Using Low Resolution Thermal Sensors and Convolutional Neural Networks","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4200357940","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc46164.2021.9631059","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34892702"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc46164.2021.9631059","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc46164.2021.9631059","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607750","display_name":"2021 43rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 43rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5076404444","display_name":"Ariyamehr Mohsen Rezaei","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31746571","display_name":"UNSW Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8z3t63","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ariyamehr Mohsen Rezaei","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of New South Wales,Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering,Sydney,NSW,Australia,2052"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of New South Wales,Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering,Sydney,NSW,Australia,2052","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014720715","display_name":"Michael Stevens","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3583-688X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31746571","display_name":"UNSW Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8z3t63","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael C. Stevens","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of New South Wales,Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering,Sydney,NSW,Australia,2052"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of New South Wales,Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering,Sydney,NSW,Australia,2052","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038653363","display_name":"Ahmadreza Argha","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8276-9774"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31746571","display_name":"UNSW Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8z3t63","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ahmadreza Argha","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of New South Wales,Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering,Sydney,NSW,Australia,2052"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of New South Wales,Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering,Sydney,NSW,Australia,2052","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029180367","display_name":"Alessandro Mascheroni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4298-4784"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I15196421","display_name":"University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland","ror":"https://ror.org/05ep8g269","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I15196421"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alessandro Mascheroni","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern,Switzerland","University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern,Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I15196421"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I15196421"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089086372","display_name":"Alessandro Puiatti","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9745-1515"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I15196421","display_name":"University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern Switzerland","ror":"https://ror.org/05ep8g269","country_code":"CH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I15196421"]}],"countries":["CH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alessandro Puiatti","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern,Switzerland","University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern, Switzerland"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern,Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I15196421"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Applied Sciences and Arts of Southern, Switzerland","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I15196421"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5060602596","display_name":"Nigel H. Lovell","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1637-1079"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I31746571","display_name":"UNSW Sydney","ror":"https://ror.org/03r8z3t63","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nigel H. Lovell","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of New South Wales,Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering,Sydney,NSW,Australia,2052"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of New South Wales,Graduate School of Biomedical Engineering,Sydney,NSW,Australia,2052","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I31746571"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4774,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.73593101,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"2021","issue":null,"first_page":"6949","last_page":"6952"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10444","display_name":"Context-Aware Activity Recognition Systems","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10444","display_name":"Context-Aware Activity Recognition Systems","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10812","display_name":"Human Pose and Action Recognition","score":0.9921000003814697,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.9914000034332275,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7134288549423218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.69779372215271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6820281744003296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mount","display_name":"Mount","score":0.6789735555648804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5943064093589783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/overhead","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","score":0.5929863452911377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5898603200912476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ground-truth","display_name":"Ground truth","score":0.49712589383125305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wearable-computer","display_name":"Wearable computer","score":0.4942944049835205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/activity-recognition","display_name":"Activity recognition","score":0.4457792639732361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.420012891292572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.3278101682662964}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7134288549423218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.69779372215271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6820281744003296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778091609","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14713","display_name":"Mount","level":2,"score":0.6789735555648804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5943064093589783},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779960059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7113681","display_name":"Overhead (engineering)","level":2,"score":0.5929863452911377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5898603200912476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146849305","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q370766","display_name":"Ground truth","level":2,"score":0.49712589383125305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150594956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334829","display_name":"Wearable computer","level":2,"score":0.4942944049835205},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121687571","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4677630","display_name":"Activity recognition","level":2,"score":0.4457792639732361},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.420012891292572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3278101682662964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000058","descriptor_name":"Accidental Falls","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000058","descriptor_name":"Accidental Falls","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000058","descriptor_name":"Accidental Falls","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000076251","descriptor_name":"Wearable Electronic Devices","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000076251","descriptor_name":"Wearable Electronic Devices","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000076251","descriptor_name":"Wearable Electronic Devices","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006802","descriptor_name":"Human Activities","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006802","descriptor_name":"Human Activities","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006802","descriptor_name":"Human Activities","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016138","descriptor_name":"Walking","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016138","descriptor_name":"Walking","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016138","descriptor_name":"Walking","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc46164.2021.9631059","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc46164.2021.9631059","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607750","display_name":"2021 43rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 43rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmid:34892702","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34892702","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1973548163","https://openalex.org/W2059732136","https://openalex.org/W2479115394","https://openalex.org/W2587831917","https://openalex.org/W2765493912","https://openalex.org/W2770678474","https://openalex.org/W2802861902","https://openalex.org/W2909720716","https://openalex.org/W2910050442","https://openalex.org/W2965125177","https://openalex.org/W2968122442","https://openalex.org/W2979856235","https://openalex.org/W6665524314","https://openalex.org/W6758152171","https://openalex.org/W6758267909"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4390763661","https://openalex.org/W2391780702","https://openalex.org/W2356532375","https://openalex.org/W2348949422","https://openalex.org/W4240803905","https://openalex.org/W1964866695","https://openalex.org/W2393173860","https://openalex.org/W4401356410","https://openalex.org/W2117913171","https://openalex.org/W2582769230"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Human":[0],"activity":[1],"recognition":[2],"has":[3],"many":[4],"potential":[5],"applications.":[6],"In":[7,57],"an":[8,107],"aged":[9],"care":[10],"facility,":[11],"it":[12],"is":[13],"crucial":[14],"to":[15,46,54,64,120,130],"monitor":[16],"elderly":[17],"patients":[18,50],"and":[19,49,78,98,117,153,168,210,229],"assist":[20],"them":[21,42],"in":[22,74],"the":[23,104,111,122,149,169,172,178,205,212,224,231],"case":[24],"of":[25,41,85,106,124,186,201,220],"falls":[26],"or":[27,52],"other":[28],"needs.":[29],"Wearable":[30],"devices":[31],"can":[32],"be":[33,47],"used":[34,61,127,176],"for":[35,204,211,223,230],"such":[36],"a":[37,82,155,165,187],"purpose.":[38],"However,":[39],"most":[40],"have":[43],"been":[44],"proven":[45],"obtrusive,":[48],"reluctate":[51],"forget":[53],"wear":[55],"them.":[56],"this":[58],"study,":[59],"we":[60,144],"infrared":[62,92,196],"technology":[63],"recognize":[65,247],"certain":[66],"human":[67,248],"activities":[68,249],"including":[69],"sitting,":[70],"standing,":[71],"walking,":[72],"laying":[73,76],"bed,":[75],"down,":[77],"falling.":[79],"We":[80,114,126],"evaluated":[81],"system":[83],"consisting":[84],"two":[86],"24\u00d732":[87],"thermal":[88],"array":[89],"sensors.":[90],"One":[91],"sensor":[93],"was":[94,101,162,175,208,215,227,234,252],"installed":[95,102],"on":[96,103],"side":[97,116,206,225],"another":[99],"one":[100],"ceiling":[105],"experimental":[108],"room":[109],"capturing":[110],"same":[112],"scene.":[113],"chose":[115],"overhead":[118,213,232],"mounts":[119],"compare":[121],"performance":[123],"classifiers.":[125],"our":[128,240],"prototypes":[129],"collect":[131],"data":[132,146],"from":[133,148,171,195],"healthy":[134],"young":[135],"volunteers":[136],"while":[137],"performing":[138],"eight":[139],"different":[140],"scenarios.":[141],"After":[142],"that,":[143],"converted":[145],"coming":[147],"sensors":[150],"into":[151],"images":[152],"applied":[154],"supervised":[156],"deep":[157,182],"learning":[158,183],"approach.":[159],"The":[160,181],"scene":[161],"captured":[163],"by":[164],"visible":[166,173],"camera":[167,174],"video":[170],"as":[177],"ground":[179],"truth.":[180],"network":[184,190],"consisted":[185],"convolutional":[188],"neural":[189],"which":[191],"automatically":[192],"extracted":[193],"features":[194],"images.":[197],"Overall":[198,217],"average":[199,218],"F1-score":[200],"all":[202,221],"classes":[203,222],"mount":[207,214,226,233],"0.9044":[209],"0.8893.":[216],"accuracy":[219],"96.65%":[228],"95.77%.":[235],"Our":[236],"results":[237],"suggested":[238],"that":[239],"infrared-based":[241],"method":[242],"not":[243],"only":[244],"could":[245],"unobtrusively":[246],"but":[250],"also":[251],"reasonably":[253],"accurate.":[254]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}