{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4200123180","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc46164.2021.9630907","title":"Midline EEG Functional Connectivity As Biomarker for Conscious States in Sleep and Wakefulness","display_name":"Midline EEG Functional Connectivity As Biomarker for Conscious States in Sleep and Wakefulness","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4200123180","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc46164.2021.9630907","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34891663"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc46164.2021.9630907","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc46164.2021.9630907","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607750","display_name":"2021 43rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine &amp; Biology Society (EMBC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 43rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine &amp; Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Anusha A. S.","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59270414","display_name":"Indian Institute of Science Bangalore","ror":"https://ror.org/04dese585","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59270414"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anusha A. S.","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59270414"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"A. G. Ramakrishnan","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I59270414","display_name":"Indian Institute of Science Bangalore","ror":"https://ror.org/04dese585","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I59270414"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. G. Ramakrishnan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Dept. of Electrical Engineering, Indian Institute of Science, Bengaluru, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59270414"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I59270414"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.5467,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.82085866,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"101","issue":null,"first_page":"1924","last_page":"1927"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.49470001459121704,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.49470001459121704,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10241","display_name":"Functional Brain Connectivity Studies","score":0.34779998660087585,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10985","display_name":"Sleep and Wakefulness Research","score":0.03970000147819519,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wakefulness","display_name":"Wakefulness","score":0.8382999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electroencephalography","display_name":"Electroencephalography","score":0.6715999841690063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/functional-connectivity","display_name":"Functional connectivity","score":0.6121000051498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sleep","display_name":"Sleep (system call)","score":0.5065000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimator","display_name":"Estimator","score":0.47290000319480896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/persistent-vegetative-state","display_name":"Persistent vegetative state","score":0.44609999656677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phase-synchronization","display_name":"Phase synchronization","score":0.43290001153945923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/minimally-conscious-state","display_name":"Minimally conscious state","score":0.4099999964237213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.38260000944137573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polysomnography","display_name":"Polysomnography","score":0.3752000033855438}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779320081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q246710","display_name":"Wakefulness","level":3,"score":0.8382999897003174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522805319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965","display_name":"Electroencephalography","level":2,"score":0.6715999841690063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018011982","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7316120","display_name":"Functional connectivity","level":2,"score":0.6121000051498413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.5928999781608582},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775841894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4683692","display_name":"Sleep (system call)","level":2,"score":0.5065000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185429906","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1130160","display_name":"Estimator","level":2,"score":0.47290000319480896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777938509","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q139720","display_name":"Persistent vegetative state","level":4,"score":0.44609999656677246},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194027367","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4420475","display_name":"Phase synchronization","level":3,"score":0.43290001153945923},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.41269999742507935},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778170955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1093388","display_name":"Minimally conscious state","level":3,"score":0.4099999964237213},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3919999897480011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.38260000944137573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3817000091075897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778205975","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1754874","display_name":"Polysomnography","level":3,"score":0.3752000033855438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50231774","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q639842","display_name":"Brain mapping","level":2,"score":0.3571000099182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C125990524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5322921","display_name":"EEG-fMRI","level":3,"score":0.35179999470710754},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63759246","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7539762","display_name":"Sleep onset","level":3,"score":0.35089999437332153},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778562939","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1298791","display_name":"Synchronization (alternating current)","level":3,"score":0.3499000072479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779226451","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q903809","display_name":"Functional magnetic resonance imaging","level":2,"score":0.3490000069141388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2983665814","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17120908","display_name":"Phase lag","level":2,"score":0.3400000035762787},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179717631","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2991667","display_name":"Multilayer perceptron","level":3,"score":0.3377000093460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110539466","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3964845","display_name":"Slow-wave sleep","level":3,"score":0.3249000012874603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777067715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3327726","display_name":"Multitaper","level":2,"score":0.32249999046325684},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C186720457","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7087","display_name":"Consciousness","level":2,"score":0.31439998745918274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120843803","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4955807","display_name":"Brain activity and meditation","level":3,"score":0.3109000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141516989","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1182555","display_name":"Default mode network","level":3,"score":0.29760000109672546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910364982","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35831","display_name":"Sleep Stages","level":4,"score":0.28189998865127563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66324658","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7316120","display_name":"Resting state fMRI","level":2,"score":0.28110000491142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129564537","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1460873","display_name":"Neural correlates of consciousness","level":3,"score":0.2761000096797943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44280652","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q104837","display_name":"Phase (matter)","level":2,"score":0.2696000039577484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152478114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660910","display_name":"Neurophysiology","level":2,"score":0.2687999904155731},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781197716","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q864574","display_name":"Biomarker","level":2,"score":0.2583000063896179},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548259974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q569965","display_name":"Audiology","level":1,"score":0.25360000133514404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780196419","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1762173","display_name":"Nerve net","level":2,"score":0.2502000033855438}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D003243","descriptor_name":"Consciousness","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003243","descriptor_name":"Consciousness","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003243","descriptor_name":"Consciousness","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012890","descriptor_name":"Sleep","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012890","descriptor_name":"Sleep","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012890","descriptor_name":"Sleep","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014851","descriptor_name":"Wakefulness","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014851","descriptor_name":"Wakefulness","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014851","descriptor_name":"Wakefulness","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D015415","descriptor_name":"Biomarkers","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015415","descriptor_name":"Biomarkers","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015415","descriptor_name":"Biomarkers","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc46164.2021.9630907","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc46164.2021.9630907","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607750","display_name":"2021 43rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine &amp; Biology Society (EMBC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 43rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine &amp; Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmid:34891663","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34891663","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference","raw_type":"Journal Article"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1700449338","https://openalex.org/W1966641148","https://openalex.org/W1974545901","https://openalex.org/W1990086319","https://openalex.org/W2018532940","https://openalex.org/W2024327067","https://openalex.org/W2065096279","https://openalex.org/W2076492122","https://openalex.org/W2077491345","https://openalex.org/W2079733958","https://openalex.org/W2082600701","https://openalex.org/W2091756811","https://openalex.org/W2094377986","https://openalex.org/W2096870607","https://openalex.org/W2105642595","https://openalex.org/W2109582949","https://openalex.org/W2119387367","https://openalex.org/W2125136217","https://openalex.org/W2144691514","https://openalex.org/W2144778970","https://openalex.org/W2148143831","https://openalex.org/W2152497784","https://openalex.org/W2162800060","https://openalex.org/W2228094914","https://openalex.org/W2349946775","https://openalex.org/W2606081269","https://openalex.org/W6637461618","https://openalex.org/W6653475904"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Functional":[0],"connectivity":[1],"(FC)":[2],"between":[3,33],"different":[4],"cortical":[5],"regions":[6],"of":[7,65,98,109,171,179,206],"the":[8,31,63,83,95,99,114,126,131,136,145,148,175,194],"brain":[9],"has":[10],"long":[11],"been":[12],"hypothesized":[13],"to":[14,40,68],"be":[15],"necessary":[16],"for":[17,89,117,193],"conscious":[18,133,138,150,184,207],"states":[19,208],"in":[20,44,82,130,144,159,181,209],"several":[21],"modeling":[22],"and":[23,50,59,203,211],"empirical":[24],"studies.":[25],"The":[26,76,186],"work":[27],"presented":[28],"herein":[29],"estimates":[30],"FC":[32,91,115,123,199],"two":[34],"bipolar":[35],"midline":[36,197],"electroencephalogram":[37],"(EEG)":[38],"recordings":[39],"evaluate":[41],"its":[42],"utility":[43],"discriminating":[45],"consciousness":[46],"levels":[47,53],"across":[48],"wakefulness":[49],"sleep.":[51],"Consciousness":[52],"were":[54,121],"defined":[55],"as":[56],"Low,":[57],"Medium,":[58],"High":[60],"depending":[61],"upon":[62],"ability":[64],"a":[66,73,169,190,201],"subject":[67],"self-report":[69],"their":[70],"experiences":[71],"at":[72],"later":[74],"stage.":[75],"sleep":[77,210],"EDF":[78],"[expanded]":[79],"dataset":[80],"available":[81],"Physionet":[84],"data":[85],"repository":[86],"was":[87,92,152],"used":[88],"analyses.":[90],"estimated":[93],"using":[94,168],"debiased":[96],"estimator":[97],"squared":[100],"Weighted":[101],"Phase":[102],"Lag":[103],"Index":[104],"(dWPLI2)":[105],"metric.":[106],"A":[107,163],"total":[108],"40":[110],"features":[111,173],"extracted":[112],"from":[113],"spectra":[116],"10":[118],"EEG":[119,198],"sub-bands":[120],"considered.":[122],"trends":[124],"demonstrated":[125,140],"highest":[127,176],"alpha":[128],"synchrony":[129],"'Low'":[132],"state.":[134],"While":[135],"'Medium'":[137],"state":[139,151],"superior":[141],"phase":[142,157],"synchronization":[143,158],"low-gamma":[146],"band,":[147],"'High'":[149],"characterized":[153],"by":[154],"comparatively":[155],"lower":[156],"all":[160],"frequency":[161],"bands.":[162],"Multi-Layer":[164],"Perceptron":[165],"(MLP)":[166],"framework":[167],"combination":[170],"7":[172],"yielded":[174],"cross-validation":[177],"accuracy":[178],"95.15%":[180],"distinguishing":[182],"these":[183],"states.":[185],"study":[187],"results":[188],"provide":[189],"pertinent":[191],"validation":[192],"hypothesis":[195],"that":[196],"is":[200],"reliable":[202],"robust":[204],"signature":[205],"wakefulness.":[212]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-08-21T09:56:20.448147","created_date":"2021-12-31T00:00:00"}
