{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4200106998","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc46164.2021.9630899","title":"ECG-based Biometric Recognition without QRS Segmentation: A Deep Learning-Based Approach","display_name":"ECG-based Biometric Recognition without QRS Segmentation: A Deep Learning-Based Approach","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4200106998","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc46164.2021.9630899","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34891246"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc46164.2021.9630899","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc46164.2021.9630899","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607750","display_name":"2021 43rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine &amp; Biology Society (EMBC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 43rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine &amp; Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jui-Kun Chiu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25846049","display_name":"National Tsing Hua University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zdnkx70","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jui-Kun Chiu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Chun-Shun Chang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25846049","display_name":"National Tsing Hua University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zdnkx70","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chun-Shun Chang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Shun-Chi Wu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I25846049","display_name":"National Tsing Hua University","ror":"https://ror.org/00zdnkx70","country_code":"TW","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}],"countries":["TW"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shun-Chi Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering and System Science, National Tsing Hua University, Hsinchu, Taiwan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I25846049"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":3.2433,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.92507493,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"521","issue":null,"first_page":"88","last_page":"91"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11021","display_name":"ECG Monitoring and Analysis","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11021","display_name":"ECG Monitoring and Analysis","score":0.9965000152587891,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10217","display_name":"Cardiac electrophysiology and arrhythmias","score":0.0005000000237487257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10598","display_name":"Cardiac pacing and defibrillation studies","score":0.00019999999494757503,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biometrics","display_name":"Biometrics","score":0.7613999843597412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6570000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/qrs-complex","display_name":"QRS complex","score":0.6319000124931335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/beat","display_name":"Beat (acoustics)","score":0.5498999953269958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/identification","display_name":"Identification (biology)","score":0.5446000099182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.47859999537467957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.39430001378059387}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184297639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177765","display_name":"Biometrics","level":2,"score":0.7613999843597412},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6658999919891357},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6570000052452087},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111773187","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1969239","display_name":"QRS complex","level":2,"score":0.6319000124931335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5760999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C189809214","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q829522","display_name":"Beat (acoustics)","level":2,"score":0.5498999953269958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116834253","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2039217","display_name":"Identification (biology)","level":2,"score":0.5446000099182129},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.47859999537467957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.39430001378059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.38260000944137573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2982892191","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q253408","display_name":"Heart beat","level":2,"score":0.35899999737739563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778922385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3475620","display_name":"Identification scheme","level":3,"score":0.3330000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40969351","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3516228","display_name":"Word error rate","level":2,"score":0.33009999990463257},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780040984","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q79785","display_name":"Electrocardiography","level":2,"score":0.3294999897480011},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.2637999951839447},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22679943","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q159375","display_name":"Standard deviation","level":2,"score":0.2574000060558319},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.25380000472068787}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001699","descriptor_name":"Biometry","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001699","descriptor_name":"Biometry","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001699","descriptor_name":"Biometry","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004562","descriptor_name":"Electrocardiography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004562","descriptor_name":"Electrocardiography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004562","descriptor_name":"Electrocardiography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D056667","descriptor_name":"Biometric Identification","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D056667","descriptor_name":"Biometric Identification","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D056667","descriptor_name":"Biometric Identification","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc46164.2021.9630899","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc46164.2021.9630899","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607750","display_name":"2021 43rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine &amp; Biology Society (EMBC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 43rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine &amp; Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmid:34891246","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34891246","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320309618","display_name":"Ministry of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/02b207r52"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":22,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1558778037","https://openalex.org/W2007123640","https://openalex.org/W2011961109","https://openalex.org/W2022656302","https://openalex.org/W2127465705","https://openalex.org/W2147800946","https://openalex.org/W2162273778","https://openalex.org/W2162800060","https://openalex.org/W2164053975","https://openalex.org/W2268339064","https://openalex.org/W2589309664","https://openalex.org/W2794557162","https://openalex.org/W2796878504","https://openalex.org/W2902354764","https://openalex.org/W2907969044","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W3000069883","https://openalex.org/W3036993547","https://openalex.org/W3037473497","https://openalex.org/W6678326819","https://openalex.org/W6684191040","https://openalex.org/W6752333602"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Electrocardiogram":[0],"(ECG)-based":[1],"identification":[2,58,78,88,117,127,133],"systems":[3],"have":[4],"been":[5],"widely":[6],"studied":[7],"in":[8,76,115],"the":[9,21,30,48,54,77,107],"literature.":[10],"Usually,":[11],"an":[12,116,126,132,139],"ECG":[13,86,97],"trace":[14],"needs":[15],"to":[16,20,25,35,46,73,112],"be":[17,44],"segmented":[18],"according":[19],"detected":[22],"R":[23,62],"peaks":[24,63],"enable":[26],"feature":[27],"extraction":[28],"from":[29],"ECGs":[31],"of":[32,50,109,129,143],"duration":[33],"equal":[34,140],"nearly":[36],"one":[37],"cardiac":[38],"cycle.":[39],"Beat":[40],"averaging":[41,69],"should":[42],"also":[43,120],"applied":[45],"reduce":[47],"influence":[49],"inter-beat":[51],"variation":[52],"on":[53],"extracted":[55],"features":[56],"and":[57,103],"accuracy.":[59],"Either":[60],"detecting":[61],"or":[64],"collecting":[65],"extra":[66],"heartbeats":[67],"for":[68,131],"will":[70],"inevitably":[71],"lead":[72],"a":[74,83,95],"delay":[75],"process.":[79],"This":[80],"paper":[81],"proposes":[82],"deep":[84],"learning-based":[85],"biometric":[87],"scheme":[89],"that":[90,125],"allows":[91],"identity":[92],"recognition":[93],"using":[94],"random":[96],"segment":[98],"without":[99],"needing":[100],"R-peak":[101],"detection":[102],"beat":[104],"averaging.":[105],"Moreover,":[106],"problem":[108],"being":[110],"vulnerable":[111],"unregistered":[113],"subjects":[114],"system":[118,134],"is":[119],"addressed.":[121],"Experimental":[122],"results":[123],"demonstrated":[124],"rate":[128,142],"99.1%":[130],"having":[135],"235":[136],"enrollees":[137],"with":[138],"error":[141],"8.08%":[144],"was":[145],"achieved.":[146]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2021-12-31T00:00:00"}
