{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4200108414","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc46164.2021.9630803","title":"Attack on PPG Biometrics: Presentation Attack by Stealth Recording and Waveform Estimation","display_name":"Attack on PPG Biometrics: Presentation Attack by Stealth Recording and Waveform Estimation","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4200108414","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc46164.2021.9630803","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34891240"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc46164.2021.9630803","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc46164.2021.9630803","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607750","display_name":"2021 43rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine &amp; Biology Society (EMBC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 43rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine &amp; Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011025286","display_name":"Shun Hinatsu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6575-6648"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133125","display_name":"Mitsubishi Electric (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/033y26782","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1306287861","https://openalex.org/I4210133125"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98285908","display_name":"The University of Osaka","ror":"https://ror.org/035t8zc32","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98285908"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shun Hinatsu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Japan","Mitsubishi Electric Corporation, Kanagawa, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98285908"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mitsubishi Electric Corporation, Kanagawa, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133125"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005147311","display_name":"Daisuke Suzuki","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8329-5734"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133125","display_name":"Mitsubishi Electric (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/033y26782","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1306287861","https://openalex.org/I4210133125"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daisuke Suzuki","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mitsubishi Electric Corporation, Kanagawa, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mitsubishi Electric Corporation, Kanagawa, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133125"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063015312","display_name":"Hiroki Ishizuka","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9920-6903"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98285908","display_name":"The University of Osaka","ror":"https://ror.org/035t8zc32","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98285908"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hiroki Ishizuka","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98285908"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102833539","display_name":"Sei Ikeda","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8829-1580"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98285908","display_name":"The University of Osaka","ror":"https://ror.org/035t8zc32","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98285908"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sei Ikeda","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98285908"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016998158","display_name":"Osamu Oshiro","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2621-6067"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I98285908","display_name":"The University of Osaka","ror":"https://ror.org/035t8zc32","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I98285908"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Osamu Oshiro","raw_affiliation_strings":["Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Japan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Graduate School of Engineering Science, Osaka University, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I98285908"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"2021","issue":null,"first_page":"64","last_page":"67"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.9998000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13248","display_name":"Healthcare Technology and Patient Monitoring","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9900000095367432,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7680577039718628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biometrics","display_name":"Biometrics","score":0.7625646591186523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/authentication","display_name":"Authentication (law)","score":0.6889740228652954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photoplethysmogram","display_name":"Photoplethysmogram","score":0.6883008480072021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spoofing-attack","display_name":"Spoofing attack","score":0.6228519082069397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.5747886896133423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-security","display_name":"Computer security","score":0.5289977192878723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waveform","display_name":"Waveform","score":0.497144490480423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/replay-attack","display_name":"Replay attack","score":0.446725457906723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lock","display_name":"Lock (firearm)","score":0.4254266619682312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/presentation","display_name":"Presentation (obstetrics)","score":0.41667333245277405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.35099318623542786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3505523204803467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/real-time-computing","display_name":"Real-time computing","score":0.3465385138988495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.13161185383796692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.10925963521003723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.06862270832061768}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7680577039718628},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C184297639","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q177765","display_name":"Biometrics","level":2,"score":0.7625646591186523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148417208","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4825882","display_name":"Authentication (law)","level":2,"score":0.6889740228652954},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116390426","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187885","display_name":"Photoplethysmogram","level":3,"score":0.6883008480072021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C167900197","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11081100","display_name":"Spoofing attack","level":2,"score":0.6228519082069397},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.5747886896133423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.5289977192878723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197424946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165717","display_name":"Waveform","level":3,"score":0.497144490480423},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11560541","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1756025","display_name":"Replay attack","level":3,"score":0.446725457906723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C174839445","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1134386","display_name":"Lock (firearm)","level":2,"score":0.4254266619682312},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777601897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3409113","display_name":"Presentation (obstetrics)","level":2,"score":0.41667333245277405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.35099318623542786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3505523204803467},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C79403827","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3988","display_name":"Real-time computing","level":1,"score":0.3465385138988495},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.13161185383796692},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.10925963521003723},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.06862270832061768},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C78519656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q101333","display_name":"Mechanical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C106131492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3072260","display_name":"Filter (signal processing)","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001699","descriptor_name":"Biometry","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001699","descriptor_name":"Biometry","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001699","descriptor_name":"Biometry","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017156","descriptor_name":"Photoplethysmography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017156","descriptor_name":"Photoplethysmography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017156","descriptor_name":"Photoplethysmography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc46164.2021.9630803","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc46164.2021.9630803","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607750","display_name":"2021 43rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine &amp; Biology Society (EMBC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 43rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine &amp; Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmid:34891240","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34891240","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W51319092","https://openalex.org/W1589647164","https://openalex.org/W1986702455","https://openalex.org/W2072858761","https://openalex.org/W2103675325","https://openalex.org/W2104160772","https://openalex.org/W2212541523","https://openalex.org/W2292374408","https://openalex.org/W2537126746","https://openalex.org/W2552408385","https://openalex.org/W2602244503","https://openalex.org/W2809944370","https://openalex.org/W2903181773","https://openalex.org/W2919598938","https://openalex.org/W2921862519","https://openalex.org/W3022333841","https://openalex.org/W3082381316","https://openalex.org/W6602103512"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2281508611","https://openalex.org/W2794664665","https://openalex.org/W3007059209","https://openalex.org/W4220832730","https://openalex.org/W4313224733","https://openalex.org/W1688416049","https://openalex.org/W4312120756","https://openalex.org/W2972017669","https://openalex.org/W2783658022","https://openalex.org/W4288120931"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"To":[0,58],"develop":[1],"a":[2,11,36,42,67,101],"photoplethysmogram":[3],"(PPG)-based":[4],"authentication":[5,56,69],"system":[6,82],"with":[7,100],"countermeasures,":[8],"we":[9,65],"investigate":[10,59],"\"presentation":[12],"attack\"":[13],"against":[14],"the":[15,20,47,52,55,60,63,73,76,80,85,90],"authentication.":[16],"The":[17,92],"attack":[18,88,97],"uses":[19],"PPG":[21,34],"for":[22],"performing":[23],"measurements":[24],"on":[25,28,35,46],"various":[26],"sites":[27],"each":[29],"subject's":[30],"body.":[31],"It":[32],"records":[33],"nongenuine":[37],"measurement":[38],"site":[39],"stealthily,":[40],"generates":[41],"spoofing":[43],"signal":[44,53],"based":[45],"recorded":[48,72],"PPG,":[49],"and":[50,83],"transmits":[51],"to":[54],"device.":[57],"feasibility":[61,86],"of":[62,75,87,103],"attack,":[64],"developed":[66,81],"PPG-based":[68],"system.":[70],"We":[71],"PPGs":[74],"subjects'":[77],"bodies":[78],"using":[79],"investigated":[84],"in":[89],"experiment.":[91],"results":[93],"indicated":[94],"that":[95],"an":[96],"can":[98],"occur":[99],"probability":[102],"more":[104],"than":[105],"80":[106],"%":[107],"under":[108],"ideal":[109],"conditions.":[110]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
