{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4200101432","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc46164.2021.9630559","title":"Do we really need a segmentation step in heart sound classification algorithms?","display_name":"Do we really need a segmentation step in heart sound classification algorithms?","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4200101432","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc46164.2021.9630559","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34891292"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc46164.2021.9630559","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc46164.2021.9630559","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607750","display_name":"2021 43rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 43rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048091232","display_name":"Jorge Oliveira","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153204","display_name":"Universidade Portucalense","ror":"https://ror.org/05wm6p530","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210153204"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jorge Oliveira","raw_affiliation_strings":["Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, Universidade Portucalense Infante D. Henrique, Porto, Portugal"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Rua Dr. Ant\u00f3nio Bernardino de Almeida, Universidade Portucalense Infante D. Henrique, Porto, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210153204"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023172800","display_name":"Diogo Marcelo Nogueira","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2776-900X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166615","display_name":"INESC TEC","ror":"https://ror.org/05fa8ka61","country_code":"PT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125590","https://openalex.org/I4210166615"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Diogo Nogueira","raw_affiliation_strings":["INESC TEC, Porto, Portugal"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"INESC TEC, Porto, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166615"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057294055","display_name":"Francesco Renna","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210120471","display_name":"Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es","ror":"https://ror.org/02ht4fk33","country_code":"PT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I182534213","display_name":"Universidade do Porto","ror":"https://ror.org/043pwc612","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I182534213"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Francesco Renna","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade do Porto, Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, Porto, Portugal"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade do Porto, Instituto de Telecomunica\u00e7\u00f5es, Porto, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210120471","https://openalex.org/I182534213"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101665805","display_name":"Carlos Ferreira","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0007-2761-0430"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166615","display_name":"INESC TEC","ror":"https://ror.org/05fa8ka61","country_code":"PT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125590","https://openalex.org/I4210166615"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carlos Ferreira","raw_affiliation_strings":["INESC TEC, Porto, Portugal"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"INESC TEC, Porto, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166615"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029214477","display_name":"Al\u00ed\u00adpio Jorge","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5475-1382"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166615","display_name":"INESC TEC","ror":"https://ror.org/05fa8ka61","country_code":"PT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125590","https://openalex.org/I4210166615"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I182534213","display_name":"Universidade do Porto","ror":"https://ror.org/043pwc612","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I182534213"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alipio M. Jorge","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade do Porto","INESC TEC, Porto, Portugal"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade do Porto","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182534213"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"INESC TEC, Porto, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166615"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5038594477","display_name":"Miguel Coimbra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7501-6523"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210166615","display_name":"INESC TEC","ror":"https://ror.org/05fa8ka61","country_code":"PT","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125590","https://openalex.org/I4210166615"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I182534213","display_name":"Universidade do Porto","ror":"https://ror.org/043pwc612","country_code":"PT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I182534213"]}],"countries":["PT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Miguel Coimbra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade do Porto","INESC TEC, Porto, Portugal"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculdade de Ci\u00eancias da Universidade do Porto","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I182534213"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"INESC TEC, Porto, Portugal","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210166615"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5048091232"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210153204"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.7649,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":9,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90776699,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"2021","issue":null,"first_page":"286","last_page":"289"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12419","display_name":"Phonocardiography and Auscultation Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12419","display_name":"Phonocardiography and Auscultation Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11021","display_name":"ECG Monitoring and Analysis","score":0.9208999872207642,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heartbeat","display_name":"Heartbeat","score":0.941543459892273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7402154207229614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.7082023024559021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.638654351234436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6188247203826904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/auscultation","display_name":"Auscultation","score":0.6086533069610596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.5826689004898071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.5726616382598877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5074121356010437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heart-sounds","display_name":"Heart sounds","score":0.4858996272087097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/algorithm","display_name":"Algorithm","score":0.46361997723579407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-classification","display_name":"Statistical classification","score":0.44362232089042664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4287119209766388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.350117564201355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.06712925434112549}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13852961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17021880","display_name":"Heartbeat","level":2,"score":0.941543459892273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7402154207229614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.7082023024559021},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.638654351234436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6188247203826904},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777324038","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q779054","display_name":"Auscultation","level":2,"score":0.6086533069610596},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.5826689004898071},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.5726616382598877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5074121356010437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779435589","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q967103","display_name":"Heart sounds","level":2,"score":0.4858996272087097},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C11413529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8366","display_name":"Algorithm","level":1,"score":0.46361997723579407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110083411","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1744628","display_name":"Statistical classification","level":2,"score":0.44362232089042664},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4287119209766388},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.350117564201355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.06712925434112549},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006326","descriptor_name":"Heart Auscultation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006326","descriptor_name":"Heart Auscultation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006326","descriptor_name":"Heart Auscultation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006347","descriptor_name":"Heart Sounds","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006347","descriptor_name":"Heart Sounds","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006347","descriptor_name":"Heart Sounds","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D060388","descriptor_name":"Support Vector Machine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D060388","descriptor_name":"Support Vector Machine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D060388","descriptor_name":"Support Vector Machine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc46164.2021.9630559","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc46164.2021.9630559","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607750","display_name":"2021 43rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 43rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmid:34891292","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34891292","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:repositorio.uportu.pt:11328/4089","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/11328/4089","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402433","display_name":"Portuguese National Funding Agency for Science, Research and Technology (RCAAP Project by FCT)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"conference object"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2557139718","https://openalex.org/W2593532750","https://openalex.org/W2594894714","https://openalex.org/W2735987108","https://openalex.org/W2804483946","https://openalex.org/W2962948887","https://openalex.org/W3194616748","https://openalex.org/W6734724335","https://openalex.org/W6741584875"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W295567865","https://openalex.org/W2903217712","https://openalex.org/W2462513779","https://openalex.org/W2066804906","https://openalex.org/W1970711085","https://openalex.org/W2037437111","https://openalex.org/W2182736798","https://openalex.org/W4210919284","https://openalex.org/W2336744104","https://openalex.org/W310243274"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Cardiac":[0],"auscultation":[1],"is":[2,52,93,170],"the":[3,25,30,48,62,75,81,86,107,126,134,167],"key":[4],"screening":[5],"procedure":[6],"to":[7,18,40,59,73,80,124,160],"detect":[8,20,133,162],"and":[9,27,95,116,150,165],"identify":[10],"cardiovascular":[11],"diseases":[12],"(CVDs).":[13],"One":[14],"of":[15,29,56,64,136],"many":[16],"steps":[17],"automatically":[19],"CVDs":[21],"using":[22],"auscultation,":[23],"concerns":[24],"detection":[26],"delimitation":[28],"heart":[31,137,163],"sound":[32],"boundaries,":[33],"a":[34,44,54,65,89,141],"process":[35],"known":[36],"as":[37],"segmentation.":[38],"Whether":[39],"include":[41],"or":[42],"not":[43],"segmentation":[45,66,158],"step":[46,92,159],"in":[47],"signal":[49,77],"classification":[50],"pipeline":[51],"nowadays":[53],"topic":[55],"discussion.":[57],"Up":[58],"our":[60],"knowledge,":[61],"outcome":[63],"algorithm":[67],"has":[68],"been":[69],"used":[70],"almost":[71],"exclusively":[72],"align":[74],"different":[76,98,108],"segments":[78],"according":[79],"heartbeat.":[82],"In":[83],"this":[84],"paper,":[85],"need":[87],"for":[88],"heartbeat":[90,142],"alignment":[91,143],"tested":[94],"evaluated":[96],"over":[97],"machine":[99],"learning":[100,104],"algorithms,":[101],"including":[102],"deep":[103],"solutions.":[105],"From":[106],"classifiers":[109],"tested,":[110],"Gate":[111],"Recurrent":[112],"Unit":[113],"(GRU)":[114],"Network":[115,119],"Convolutional":[117],"Neural":[118],"(CNN)":[120],"algorithms":[121,131,154],"are":[122],"shown":[123],"be":[125],"most":[127],"robust.":[128],"Namely,":[129],"these":[130],"can":[132],"presence":[135],"murmurs":[138],"even":[139],"without":[140],"step.":[144],"Furthermore,":[145],"Support":[146],"Vector":[147],"Machine":[148],"(SVM)":[149],"Random":[151],"Forest":[152],"(RF)":[153],"require":[155],"an":[156],"explicit":[157],"effectively":[161],"sounds":[164],"murmurs,":[166],"overall":[168],"performance":[169],"expected":[171],"drop":[172],"approximately":[173],"5%":[174],"on":[175],"both":[176],"cases.":[177]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-05T17:49:38.594831","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}