{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4200461422","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc46164.2021.9630485","title":"Unravelling Causal Relationships Between Cortex and Muscle with Errors-in-variables Models","display_name":"Unravelling Causal Relationships Between Cortex and Muscle with Errors-in-variables Models","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4200461422","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc46164.2021.9630485","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34890320"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc46164.2021.9630485","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc46164.2021.9630485","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607750","display_name":"2021 43rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 43rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101678195","display_name":"Zhenghao Guo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1726-4251"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183935753","display_name":"King's College London","ror":"https://ror.org/0220mzb33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I183935753"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zhenghao Guo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering, King\u2019s College London, The strand, London, UK","Department of Engineering, King's College London, The strand, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering, King\u2019s College London, The strand, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183935753"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering, King's College London, The strand, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183935753"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023637723","display_name":"Verity M. McClelland","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5180-4242"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183935753","display_name":"King's College London","ror":"https://ror.org/0220mzb33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I183935753"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Verity M. McClelland","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, King\u2019s College London","Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, King's College London"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, King\u2019s College London","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183935753"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, King's College London","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183935753"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056805951","display_name":"Zoran Cvetkovi\u0107","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5128-5099"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I183935753","display_name":"King's College London","ror":"https://ror.org/0220mzb33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I124357947","https://openalex.org/I183935753"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Zoran Cvetkovic","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering, King\u2019s College London, The strand, London, UK","Department of Engineering, King's College London, The strand, London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering, King\u2019s College London, The strand, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183935753"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering, King's College London, The strand, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I183935753"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.252,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.37363636,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"2021","issue":null,"first_page":"967","last_page":"970"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10784","display_name":"Muscle activation and electromyography studies","score":0.9858999848365784,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11447","display_name":"Blind Source Separation Techniques","score":0.9858999848365784,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electroencephalography","display_name":"Electroencephalography","score":0.7783990502357483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/granger-causality","display_name":"Granger causality","score":0.7217448949813843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neurophysiology","display_name":"Neurophysiology","score":0.6565227508544922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coherence","display_name":"Coherence (philosophical gambling strategy)","score":0.5372275114059448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5212353467941284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/noise","display_name":"Noise (video)","score":0.519585371017456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5029610991477966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5011799335479736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autoregressive-model","display_name":"Autoregressive model","score":0.4909558594226837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/causality","display_name":"Causality (physics)","score":0.48910146951675415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electromyography","display_name":"Electromyography","score":0.4808272123336792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.45217564702033997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/invariant","display_name":"Invariant (physics)","score":0.4499255418777466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.43462836742401123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/linear-regression","display_name":"Linear regression","score":0.4153684377670288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.33599990606307983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.3202984929084778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.2647539973258972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.2172449231147766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.2124449610710144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.07417541742324829}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522805319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965","display_name":"Electroencephalography","level":2,"score":0.7783990502357483},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129824826","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2630107","display_name":"Granger causality","level":2,"score":0.7217448949813843},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C152478114","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q660910","display_name":"Neurophysiology","level":2,"score":0.6565227508544922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781181686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4226068","display_name":"Coherence (philosophical gambling strategy)","level":2,"score":0.5372275114059448},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5212353467941284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99498987","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2210247","display_name":"Noise (video)","level":3,"score":0.519585371017456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5029610991477966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5011799335479736},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159877910","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2202883","display_name":"Autoregressive model","level":2,"score":0.4909558594226837},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C64357122","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1149766","display_name":"Causality (physics)","level":2,"score":0.48910146951675415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777515770","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q507369","display_name":"Electromyography","level":2,"score":0.4808272123336792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.45217564702033997},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190470478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2370229","display_name":"Invariant (physics)","level":2,"score":0.4499255418777466},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.43462836742401123},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48921125","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10861030","display_name":"Linear regression","level":2,"score":0.4153684377670288},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.33599990606307983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.3202984929084778},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.2647539973258972},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.2172449231147766},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.2124449610710144},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.07417541742324829},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37914503","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156495","display_name":"Mathematical physics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D002540","descriptor_name":"Cerebral Cortex","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002540","descriptor_name":"Cerebral Cortex","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002540","descriptor_name":"Cerebral Cortex","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002540","descriptor_name":"Cerebral Cortex","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002540","descriptor_name":"Cerebral Cortex","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004576","descriptor_name":"Electromyography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004576","descriptor_name":"Electromyography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004576","descriptor_name":"Electromyography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004576","descriptor_name":"Electromyography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004576","descriptor_name":"Electromyography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015984","descriptor_name":"Causality","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015984","descriptor_name":"Causality","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015984","descriptor_name":"Causality","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015984","descriptor_name":"Causality","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015984","descriptor_name":"Causality","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018482","descriptor_name":"Muscle, Skeletal","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018482","descriptor_name":"Muscle, Skeletal","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018482","descriptor_name":"Muscle, Skeletal","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018482","descriptor_name":"Muscle, Skeletal","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D018482","descriptor_name":"Muscle, Skeletal","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc46164.2021.9630485","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc46164.2021.9630485","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607750","display_name":"2021 43rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 43rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmid:34890320","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34890320","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.8600000143051147,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8070580267","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"MR/P006868/1","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334626","funder_display_name":"Medical Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334626","display_name":"Medical Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/03x94j517"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1990687387","https://openalex.org/W2008229822","https://openalex.org/W2015881065","https://openalex.org/W2116031726","https://openalex.org/W2136562407","https://openalex.org/W2150331341","https://openalex.org/W2168175751","https://openalex.org/W2172257310","https://openalex.org/W2178225550","https://openalex.org/W2250540615","https://openalex.org/W2405494837","https://openalex.org/W2560623425","https://openalex.org/W2892944220","https://openalex.org/W2948579453","https://openalex.org/W4211118645","https://openalex.org/W4231726431","https://openalex.org/W6713671146"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2376139493","https://openalex.org/W126301054","https://openalex.org/W4251195004","https://openalex.org/W2911808920","https://openalex.org/W4242807451","https://openalex.org/W2035792466","https://openalex.org/W2977645287","https://openalex.org/W4251418261","https://openalex.org/W1972675643","https://openalex.org/W2154758532"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Corticomuscular":[0],"communications":[1],"are":[2,70],"commonly":[3],"estimated":[4],"by":[5],"Granger":[6],"causality":[7,113],"(GC)":[8],"or":[9],"directed":[10],"coherence,":[11],"with":[12,56,103],"the":[13,17,43,73,82,89,110,125],"aim":[14],"of":[15,45,75,84,88],"assessing":[16],"linear":[18,34,78],"causal":[19],"relationship":[20],"between":[21,124],"electroencephalogram":[22],"(EEG)":[23],"and":[24,50,98,101,127,132],"electromyogram":[25],"(EMG)":[26],"signals.":[27,134],"However,":[28],"conventional":[29,104],"GC":[30,120],"based":[31],"on":[32],"standard":[33],"regression":[35],"(LR)":[36],"models":[37,69],"may":[38],"be":[39],"substantially":[40],"underestimated":[41],"in":[42,47,81],"presence":[44],"noise":[46],"both":[48,95],"EEG":[49,133],"EMG":[51,131],"signals:":[52],"some":[53],"healthy":[54],"subjects":[55],"good":[57],"motor":[58],"skills":[59],"show":[60],"no":[61],"significant":[62],"GC.":[63,85,105],"In":[64],"this":[65],"study,":[66],"errors-in-variables":[67],"(EIV)":[68],"investigated":[71],"for":[72],"purpose":[74],"estimating":[76],"underlying":[77],"time-invariant":[79],"systems":[80],"context":[83],"The":[86],"performance":[87],"proposed":[90],"method":[91],"is":[92,107],"evaluated":[93],"using":[94,129],"simulated":[96],"data":[97],"neurophysiological":[99],"recordings,":[100],"compared":[102],"It":[106],"demonstrated":[108],"that":[109],"inferred":[111],"EIV-based":[112],"offers":[114],"an":[115],"advantage":[116],"over":[117],"typical":[118],"LR-based":[119],"when":[121],"detecting":[122],"communication":[123],"cortex":[126],"periphery":[128],"noisy":[130]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}