{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4200320165","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc46164.2021.9630430","title":"Use of Convolutional Neural Nets and Transfer Learning for Prediction of Surgical Site Infection from Color Images","display_name":"Use of Convolutional Neural Nets and Transfer Learning for Prediction of Surgical Site Infection from Color Images","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4200320165","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc46164.2021.9630430","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34892341"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc46164.2021.9630430","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc46164.2021.9630430","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607750","display_name":"2021 43rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 43rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Richard Ribon Fletcher","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Richard Ribon Fletcher","raw_affiliation_strings":["Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Gabriel Schneider","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gabriel Schneider","raw_affiliation_strings":["Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Bethany Hedt-Gauthier","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bethany Hedt-Gauthier","raw_affiliation_strings":["Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Theoneste Nkurunziza","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Theoneste Nkurunziza","raw_affiliation_strings":["Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Barnabas Alayande","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Barnabas Alayande","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harvard Medical School in Boston, MA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard Medical School in Boston, MA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Robert Riviello","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I136199984","display_name":"Harvard University","ror":"https://ror.org/03vek6s52","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Robert Riviello","raw_affiliation_strings":["Harvard Medical School in Boston, MA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Harvard Medical School in Boston, MA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I136199984"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Fredrick Kateera","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fredrick Kateera","raw_affiliation_strings":["Partners In Health, Kigali Rwanda"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Partners In Health, Kigali Rwanda","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":5.0142,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.96753247,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"2021","issue":null,"first_page":"5047","last_page":"5050"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11080","display_name":"Surgical site infection prevention","score":0.5623000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11080","display_name":"Surgical site infection prevention","score":0.5623000264167786,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11670","display_name":"Pressure Ulcer Prevention and Management","score":0.0869000032544136,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3609","display_name":"Occupational Therapy"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/36","display_name":"Health Professions"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12874","display_name":"Digital Imaging for Blood Diseases","score":0.025200000032782555,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.8109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transfer-of-learning","display_name":"Transfer of learning","score":0.6664000153541565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/surgical-site-infection","display_name":"Surgical site infection","score":0.5867999792098999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5325999855995178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4666000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensitivity","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","score":0.426800012588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.38519999384880066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clinical-practice","display_name":"Clinical Practice","score":0.3734000027179718}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.8109999895095825},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7138000130653381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150899416","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1820378","display_name":"Transfer of learning","level":2,"score":0.6664000153541565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992582194","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7168672","display_name":"Surgical site infection","level":2,"score":0.5867999792098999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5325999855995178},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4666000008583069},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.426800012588501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4198000133037567},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.4059999883174896},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.40070000290870667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.38519999384880066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779974597","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q28448986","display_name":"Clinical Practice","level":2,"score":0.3734000027179718},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36372059","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q376492","display_name":"HSL and HSV","level":3,"score":0.35370001196861267},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779370443","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1776627","display_name":"Surgical planning","level":2,"score":0.34439998865127563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.3393999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.33899998664855957},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C148524875","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6975395","display_name":"F1 score","level":2,"score":0.3296000063419342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776175482","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1195816","display_name":"Transfer (computing)","level":2,"score":0.3271999955177307},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C75294576","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165192","display_name":"Contextual image classification","level":3,"score":0.3183000087738037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2989236134","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Patient care","level":2,"score":0.26499998569488525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020304732","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1671866","display_name":"Surgical wound","level":2,"score":0.262800008058548},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020132585","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2671652","display_name":"Diagnostic accuracy","level":2,"score":0.2549000084400177}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002585","descriptor_name":"Cesarean Section","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002585","descriptor_name":"Cesarean Section","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D002585","descriptor_name":"Cesarean Section","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011247","descriptor_name":"Pregnancy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011247","descriptor_name":"Pregnancy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011247","descriptor_name":"Pregnancy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013530","descriptor_name":"Surgical Wound Infection","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013530","descriptor_name":"Surgical Wound Infection","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013530","descriptor_name":"Surgical Wound Infection","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc46164.2021.9630430","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc46164.2021.9630430","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607750","display_name":"2021 43rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 43rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmid:34892341","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34892341","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338440","display_name":"HORIZON EUROPE Health","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":12,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1970231227","https://openalex.org/W2001280008","https://openalex.org/W2086524386","https://openalex.org/W2127592891","https://openalex.org/W2148143831","https://openalex.org/W2526066647","https://openalex.org/W2765612146","https://openalex.org/W2909513991","https://openalex.org/W2979941711","https://openalex.org/W2999309192","https://openalex.org/W3047519784","https://openalex.org/W6756573033"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"One":[0],"of":[1,11,53,64,170],"the":[2,9,12,62,201,222],"greatest":[3],"concerns":[4],"in":[5,21,46,76,104],"post-operative":[6],"care":[7],"is":[8,31,42],"infection":[10,75],"surgical":[13,54,78],"wound.":[14],"Such":[15],"infections":[16],"are":[17],"a":[18,43,77,81,86,98,127,131,140,159,167,205],"particular":[19],"concern":[20],"global":[22],"health":[23],"and":[24,112,145,147,172,216,225,235],"low-resource":[25],"areas,":[26],"where":[27],"microbial":[28],"antibiotic":[29],"resistance":[30],"often":[32],"common.":[33],"In":[34,134],"order":[35],"to":[36,72,150,154,229],"help":[37],"address":[38],"this":[39,58],"problem,":[40],"there":[41],"great":[44],"interest":[45],"developing":[47],"simple":[48],"tools":[49],"for":[50,152,231],"early":[51],"detection":[52],"wounds.":[55],"Motivated":[56],"by":[57,126],"need,":[59],"we":[60,138,148],"describe":[61],"development":[63],"two":[65],"Convolutional":[66],"Neural":[67],"Net":[68],"(CNN)":[69],"models":[70,90],"designed":[71],"detect":[73],"an":[74],"wound":[79],"using":[80,93,200],"color":[82],"image":[83,94],"taken":[84,115],"from":[85,97],"mobile":[87],"device.":[88],"These":[89],"were":[91,124],"developed":[92,196],"data":[95],"collected":[96],"clinical":[99],"study":[100],"with":[101,166,197],"572":[102],"women":[103],"Rural":[105],"Rwanda,":[106],"who":[107],"underwent":[108],"Cesarean":[109],"section":[110],"surgery":[111],"had":[113],"photos":[114],"approximately":[116],"10":[117],"days":[118],"after":[119],"surgery.":[120],"Infected":[121],"wounds":[122],"(N=62)":[123],"diagnosed":[125],"trained":[128],"doctor":[129],"through":[130],"physical":[132],"exam.":[133],"our":[135],"model":[136],"development,":[137],"observed":[139],"trade-off":[141],"between":[142],"AUC":[143,176,207],"accuracy":[144,189,218],"sensitivity,":[146,153],"chose":[149],"optimize":[151],"match":[155],"its":[156],"use":[157],"as":[158],"screening":[160],"tool.":[161],"Our":[162],"na\u00efve":[163],"CNN":[164,194],"model,":[165,195],"limited":[168],"number":[169],"convolutions":[171],"parameters,":[173],"achieved":[174],"median":[175,206],"=":[177,183,186,190,208,211,214],"0.655,":[178],"true":[179],"positive":[180],"rate":[181],"sensitivity":[182,210],"0.75,":[184],"specificity":[185,213],"0.58,":[187],"classification":[188,217],"0.86.":[191],"The":[192],"second":[193],"transfer":[198],"learning":[199],"Resnet50":[202],"architecture,":[203],"produced":[204],"0.639":[209],"0.92,":[212],"0.18,":[215],"0.82.":[219],"We":[220],"discuss":[221],"specific":[223],"training":[224],"optimization":[226],"methods":[227],"used":[228],"compensate":[230],"significant":[232],"class":[233],"imbalance":[234],"maximize":[236],"sensitivity.":[237]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2021-12-31T00:00:00"}