{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4200233632","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc46164.2021.9630313","title":"A Hybrid Learning Pipeline for Automated Diagnosis of First-Episode Schizophrenia Utilizing T1-weighted Images","display_name":"A Hybrid Learning Pipeline for Automated Diagnosis of First-Episode Schizophrenia Utilizing T1-weighted Images","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4200233632","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc46164.2021.9630313","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34891821"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc46164.2021.9630313","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc46164.2021.9630313","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607750","display_name":"2021 43rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 43rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037124096","display_name":"Jiewei Wu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2876-7302"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3045169105","display_name":"Southern University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/049tv2d57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jiewei Wu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China","School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058185236","display_name":"Guiwen Lyu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180726961","display_name":"Shenzhen University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vy4gh70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Guiwen Lyu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100437036","display_name":"Kai Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6170-4744"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I157773358","display_name":"Sun Yat-sen University","ror":"https://ror.org/0064kty71","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kai Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Electronics and Information Technology, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080168999","display_name":"Xiaoying Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7549-6560"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3045169105","display_name":"Southern University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/049tv2d57","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xiaoying Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Southern University of Science and Technology, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I3045169105"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5037124096"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I157773358","https://openalex.org/I3045169105"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6043,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.57674772,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":94},"biblio":{"volume":"2021","issue":null,"first_page":"2761","last_page":"2764"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11304","display_name":"Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11304","display_name":"Advanced Neuroimaging Techniques and Applications","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10241","display_name":"Functional Brain Connectivity Studies","score":0.9842000007629395,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10023","display_name":"Schizophrenia research and treatment","score":0.977400004863739,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2738","display_name":"Psychiatry and Mental health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7768838405609131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7024533152580261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6983278393745422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6630346775054932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.5659653544425964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/preprocessor","display_name":"Preprocessor","score":0.5365856289863586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram-of-oriented-gradients","display_name":"Histogram of oriented gradients","score":0.500436544418335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-tree","display_name":"Decision tree","score":0.48276057839393616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.4582828879356384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gradient-boosting","display_name":"Gradient boosting","score":0.45575541257858276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pipeline","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","score":0.4371527433395386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.43499258160591125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3876950740814209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram","display_name":"Histogram","score":0.22790971398353577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.10208246111869812}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7768838405609131},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7024533152580261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6983278393745422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6630346775054932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.5659653544425964},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34736171","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q918333","display_name":"Preprocessor","level":2,"score":0.5365856289863586},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17426736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q419918","display_name":"Histogram of oriented gradients","level":4,"score":0.500436544418335},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84525736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831366","display_name":"Decision tree","level":2,"score":0.48276057839393616},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.4582828879356384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70153297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5591907","display_name":"Gradient boosting","level":3,"score":0.45575541257858276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43521106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2165493","display_name":"Pipeline (software)","level":2,"score":0.4371527433395386},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.43499258160591125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3876950740814209},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53533937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185020","display_name":"Histogram","level":3,"score":0.22790971398353577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.10208246111869812},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006624","descriptor_name":"Hippocampus","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006624","descriptor_name":"Hippocampus","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006624","descriptor_name":"Hippocampus","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012559","descriptor_name":"Schizophrenia","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012559","descriptor_name":"Schizophrenia","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012559","descriptor_name":"Schizophrenia","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc46164.2021.9630313","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc46164.2021.9630313","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607750","display_name":"2021 43rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 43rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmid:34891821","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34891821","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5099999904632568,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16"},{"score":0.41999998688697815,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321001","display_name":"National Natural Science Foundation of China","ror":"https://ror.org/01h0zpd94"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1543220894","https://openalex.org/W1545850453","https://openalex.org/W1575197904","https://openalex.org/W1678356000","https://openalex.org/W2011481459","https://openalex.org/W2026371916","https://openalex.org/W2066083976","https://openalex.org/W2084453479","https://openalex.org/W2101234009","https://openalex.org/W2140606211","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2518680870","https://openalex.org/W2804579648","https://openalex.org/W2918660873","https://openalex.org/W2960489466","https://openalex.org/W2977883299","https://openalex.org/W3043743424","https://openalex.org/W3092100795","https://openalex.org/W4212883601","https://openalex.org/W6637404493","https://openalex.org/W6675354045"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4386690025","https://openalex.org/W4322710485","https://openalex.org/W4366990902","https://openalex.org/W4317732970","https://openalex.org/W4402664569","https://openalex.org/W4315777889","https://openalex.org/W4388550696","https://openalex.org/W4321636153","https://openalex.org/W4313289487","https://openalex.org/W3201348321"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,34],"this":[1,35,238],"work,":[2,36],"we":[3,37,65],"proposed":[4],"and":[5,22,58,91,114,166,174,205,250],"validated":[6],"a":[7,68,126,154,158,193,197],"hybrid":[8],"learning":[9,50],"pipeline":[10],"for":[11,52,110,254],"automated":[12,54,255],"diagnosis":[13],"of":[14,41,44,56,87,152,156,160,164,169,191,195,199,203,208,216,229,235],"first-episode":[15],"schizophrenia":[16],"(FES)":[17],"utilizing":[18,143,182],"T1-weighted":[19],"images.":[20],"Amygdalar":[21],"hippocampal":[23,136],"shape":[24,85,129,252],"abnormalities":[25],"in":[26,31,227],"FES":[27,57,113,230,256],"have":[28,224],"been":[29,225],"observed":[30],"previous":[32],"studies.":[33],"jointly":[38],"made":[39],"use":[40],"two":[42],"types":[43],"features,":[45,217],"together":[46],"with":[47,84,135,148,187,211],"advanced":[48,99],"machine":[49],"techniques,":[51],"an":[53,149,162,167,188,201,206],"discrimination":[55],"healthy":[59,115],"control":[60],"(96":[61],"versus":[62],"102).":[63],"Specifically,":[64],"first":[66,241],"employed":[67],"ResNet34":[69],"model":[70],"to":[71,98,246],"extract":[72],"convolutional":[73],"neural":[74],"network":[75],"(CNN)":[76],"features.":[77],"We":[78],"then":[79],"combined":[80],"these":[81],"CNN":[82,134,173,219,248],"features":[83,86,118,249,253],"the":[88,92,104,138,146,177,185,233,240],"bilateral":[89,93],"hippocampi":[90],"amygdalas,":[94],"before":[95],"being":[96],"inputted":[97],"classification":[100],"algorithms":[101],"such":[102],"as":[103,145,184],"Gradient":[105],"Boosting":[106],"Decision":[107],"Tree":[108],"(GBDT)":[109],"classifying":[111],"between":[112],"control.":[116],"Shape":[117],"were":[119],"represented":[120],"using":[121,212],"log":[122],"Jacobian":[123],"determinants,":[124],"through":[125],"well-established":[127],"statistical":[128],"analysis":[130],"pipeline.":[131],"When":[132,171],"combining":[133],"shape,":[137,176,221],"best":[139,178,234],"results":[140,179],"came":[141,180],"from":[142,181],"GBDT":[144],"classifier,":[147,186],"overall":[150,189],"accuracy":[151,190],"75.15%,":[153],"sensitivity":[155,194],"69.35%,":[157],"specificity":[159,198],"80.19%,":[161],"F1":[163,202],"72.16%,":[165],"AUC":[168,207],"79.68%.":[170],"combing":[172],"amygdalar":[175],"Bagging":[183],"74.39%,":[192],"67.93%,":[196],"80%,":[200],"71.11%,":[204],"80.98%.":[209],"Compared":[210],"each":[213],"single":[214],"set":[215],"either":[218],"or":[220],"significant":[222],"improvements":[223],"observed,":[226],"terms":[228],"discrimination.":[231],"To":[232],"our":[236],"knowledge,":[237],"is":[239],"work":[242],"that":[243],"has":[244],"tried":[245],"combine":[247],"hippocampal/amygdalar":[251],"identification.":[257]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}