{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4200063903","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc46164.2021.9630261","title":"Ultrasound Image Quality Evaluation using a Structural Similarity Based Autoencoder","display_name":"Ultrasound Image Quality Evaluation using a Structural Similarity Based Autoencoder","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4200063903","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc46164.2021.9630261","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34892108"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc46164.2021.9630261","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc46164.2021.9630261","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607750","display_name":"2021 43rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 43rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Karlo Nesovic","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1325899441","display_name":"University Health Network","ror":"https://ror.org/042xt5161","country_code":"CA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325899441"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799838188","display_name":"Toronto Rehabilitation Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/00mxe0976","country_code":"CA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325899441","https://openalex.org/I2799838188"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Karlo Nesovic","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada","KITE \u2013 Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"KITE \u2013 Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799838188","https://openalex.org/I1325899441"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Ryan G.L. Koh","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1325899441","display_name":"University Health Network","ror":"https://ror.org/042xt5161","country_code":"CA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325899441"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799838188","display_name":"Toronto Rehabilitation Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/00mxe0976","country_code":"CA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325899441","https://openalex.org/I2799838188"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ryan G.L. Koh","raw_affiliation_strings":["KITE \u2013 Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KITE \u2013 Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799838188","https://openalex.org/I1325899441"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Azadeh Aghamohammadi Sereshki","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Azadeh Aghamohammadi Sereshki","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Fatemeh Shomal Zadeh","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1325899441","display_name":"University Health Network","ror":"https://ror.org/042xt5161","country_code":"CA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325899441"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799838188","display_name":"Toronto Rehabilitation Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/00mxe0976","country_code":"CA","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1325899441","https://openalex.org/I2799838188"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fatemeh Shomal Zadeh","raw_affiliation_strings":["KITE \u2013 Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"KITE \u2013 Toronto Rehabilitation Institute, University Health Network, Toronto, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799838188","https://openalex.org/I1325899441"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Milos R. Popovic","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Milos R. Popovic","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Dinesh Kumbhare","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I185261750","display_name":"University of Toronto","ror":"https://ror.org/03dbr7087","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dinesh Kumbhare","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I185261750"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.908,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68887207,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"2021","issue":null,"first_page":"4002","last_page":"4005"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10727","display_name":"Ultrasound Imaging and Elastography","score":0.2556999921798706,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10727","display_name":"Ultrasound Imaging and Elastography","score":0.2556999921798706,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11738","display_name":"Ultrasound in Clinical Applications","score":0.11630000174045563,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2706","display_name":"Critical Care and Intensive Care Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12422","display_name":"Radiomics and Machine Learning in Medical Imaging","score":0.06679999828338623,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/autoencoder","display_name":"Autoencoder","score":0.7351999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6172000169754028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-quality","display_name":"Image quality","score":0.6011000275611877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-squared-error","display_name":"Mean squared error","score":0.46459999680519104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.4341000020503998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.3544999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ultrasound","display_name":"Ultrasound","score":0.3319000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/similarity","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","score":0.3156000077724457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sonographer","display_name":"Sonographer","score":0.3149000108242035}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7882999777793884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C101738243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q786435","display_name":"Autoencoder","level":3,"score":0.7351999878883362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6172000169754028},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55020928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3813865","display_name":"Image quality","level":3,"score":0.6011000275611877},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5591999888420105},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.46459999680519104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4424000084400177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.4341000020503998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.3544999957084656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C143753070","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162564","display_name":"Ultrasound","level":2,"score":0.3319000005722046},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C103278499","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254465","display_name":"Similarity (geometry)","level":3,"score":0.3156000077724457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778941581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11251722","display_name":"Sonographer","level":3,"score":0.3149000108242035},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180462255","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3559736","display_name":"Standard test image","level":4,"score":0.3077999949455261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020001037","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q836575","display_name":"Quality assessment","level":3,"score":0.30469998717308044},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.30160000920295715},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126780896","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899871","display_name":"Distortion (music)","level":4,"score":0.29679998755455017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.2847000062465668},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68516990","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q452912","display_name":"Subpixel rendering","level":3,"score":0.28040000796318054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.27730000019073486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111696304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2303697","display_name":"Sorting","level":2,"score":0.27230000495910645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.271699994802475},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C88548561","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q347599","display_name":"sort","level":2,"score":0.26840001344680786},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.26570001244544983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.265500009059906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.26440000534057617},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205372480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210521","display_name":"Image resolution","level":2,"score":0.26249998807907104},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779346075","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7268763","display_name":"Quality Score","level":3,"score":0.25999999046325684}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014463","descriptor_name":"Ultrasonography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014463","descriptor_name":"Ultrasonography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014463","descriptor_name":"Ultrasonography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016477","descriptor_name":"Artifacts","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016477","descriptor_name":"Artifacts","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016477","descriptor_name":"Artifacts","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc46164.2021.9630261","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc46164.2021.9630261","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607750","display_name":"2021 43rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 43rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmid:34892108","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34892108","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2115505425","https://openalex.org/W2133059825","https://openalex.org/W2133665775","https://openalex.org/W2150734399","https://openalex.org/W2162494717","https://openalex.org/W2322384450","https://openalex.org/W2465492885","https://openalex.org/W2592929672","https://openalex.org/W2753605315","https://openalex.org/W2778693718","https://openalex.org/W2789895747","https://openalex.org/W2792252898","https://openalex.org/W2809705434","https://openalex.org/W2936136722","https://openalex.org/W2948982773","https://openalex.org/W2949423562","https://openalex.org/W6678323213"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Ultrasound":[0],"(US)":[1],"imaging":[2],"is":[3,40,51,60],"a":[4,61,118,274],"widely":[5],"used":[6,78,138,176,265],"clinical":[7],"technique":[8,64],"that":[9,65,245],"requires":[10],"extensive":[11],"training":[12,188],"to":[13,69,96,114,139,177,251,266],"use":[14,92],"correctly.":[15],"Good":[16,125],"quality":[17,38,84,186,254,280],"US":[18,102,255],"images":[19,103,129,180,208,220,256],"are":[20],"essential":[21],"for":[22,79,123],"effective":[23,71,82],"interpretation":[24],"of":[25,31,93,171,204,216,241,278],"the":[26,91,111,152,159,162,179,194,198,229,232,249],"results,":[27],"however":[28,49],"numerous":[29],"sources":[30],"error":[32,113,165],"can":[33],"impair":[34],"quality.":[35],"Currently,":[36],"image":[37,83,173,279],"assessment":[39],"performed":[41],"by":[42,54,105,109,187],"an":[43,94,141,191,201,214,246],"experienced":[44,269],"sonographer":[45],"through":[46],"visual":[47],"inspection,":[48],"this":[50,87,242],"usually":[52],"unachievable":[53],"inexperienced":[55],"users.":[56],"An":[57],"autoencoder":[58],"(AE)":[59],"machine":[62],"learning":[63],"has":[66,248],"been":[67],"shown":[68],"be":[70,77,264],"at":[72],"anomaly":[73],"detection":[74],"and":[75,81,100,107,116,126,136,158,189,213,237,271],"could":[76,263],"fast":[80],"assessment.":[85],"In":[86],"study,":[88],"we":[89],"explored":[90],"AE":[95,142,230,247],"distinguish":[97],"between":[98],"good":[99,253],"poor-quality":[101,127],"(caused":[104],"artifacts":[106],"noise)":[108],"using":[110,143,231,282],"reconstruction":[112,169],"train":[115,140],"test":[117],"random":[119],"forest":[120],"classifier":[121,199],"(RFC)":[122],"classification.":[124],"ultrasound":[128],"were":[130,137,174,235],"obtained":[131,227],"from":[132,228,257],"forty-nine":[133],"healthy":[134],"subjects":[135],"two":[144,182],"different":[145],"loss":[146],"functions,":[147],"with":[148,259],"one":[149],"based":[150,184,196,209,221],"on":[151,161,185,210,222],"structural":[153],"similarity":[154],"index":[155],"measure":[156,277],"(SSIM)":[157],"other":[160],"mean":[163],"squared":[164],"(MSE).":[166],"The":[167,224,239],"resulting":[168],"errors":[170,212],"each":[172],"then":[175],"classify":[178],"into":[181],"groups":[183],"testing":[190],"RFC.":[192],"Using":[193],"SSIM":[195],"AE,":[197],"showed":[200],"average":[202],"accuracy":[203,215],"71%\u00b14.0%":[205],"when":[206,218,281],"classifying":[207],"user":[211],"91%\u00b11.0%":[217],"sorting":[219],"noise.":[223],"respective":[225],"accuracies":[226],"MSE":[233],"function":[234],"76%\u00b12.0%":[236],"83%\u00b12.0%.":[238],"results":[240],"study":[243],"demonstrate":[244],"potential":[250],"differentiate":[252],"those":[258],"poor":[260],"quality,":[261],"which":[262],"help":[267],"less":[268],"researchers":[270],"clinicians":[272],"obtain":[273],"more":[275],"objective":[276],"US.":[283]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2021-12-31T00:00:00"}