{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4200293056","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc46164.2021.9630233","title":"Output of Electronic Muscle Stimulators: Physical Therapy and Police Models Compared","display_name":"Output of Electronic Muscle Stimulators: Physical Therapy and Police Models Compared","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4200293056","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc46164.2021.9630233","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34891516"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc46164.2021.9630233","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc46164.2021.9630233","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607750","display_name":"2021 43rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine &amp; Biology Society (EMBC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 43rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine &amp; Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5020245549","display_name":"Mark W. Kroll","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7716-1716"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149919469","display_name":"California Polytechnic State University","ror":"https://ror.org/001gpfp45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149919469"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Mark W. Kroll","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biomedical Engineering, California Polytechnical Univ., San Luis Obispo","Corporate and Scientific and Medical Advisory Board (SMAB)"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biomedical Engineering, California Polytechnical Univ., San Luis Obispo","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149919469"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Corporate and Scientific and Medical Advisory Board (SMAB)","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5111688948","display_name":"Peter E. Perkins","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149919469","display_name":"California Polytechnic State University","ror":"https://ror.org/001gpfp45","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149919469"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter E. Perkins","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biomedical Engineering, California Polytechnical Univ., San Luis Obispo"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biomedical Engineering, California Polytechnical Univ., San Luis Obispo","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149919469"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001467997","display_name":"Bryan D. Chiles","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210165660","display_name":"AXON Neuroscience (Slovakia)","ror":"https://ror.org/05ebvq193","country_code":"SK","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210114507","https://openalex.org/I4210165660"]}],"countries":["SK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bryan D. Chiles","raw_affiliation_strings":["Axon"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Axon","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210165660"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032260686","display_name":"Hugh Pratt","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hugh Pratt","raw_affiliation_strings":["CPLSO"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"CPLSO","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5057582263","display_name":"Klaus K. Witte","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7146-7105"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I130828816","display_name":"University of Leeds","ror":"https://ror.org/024mrxd33","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Klaus K. Witte","raw_affiliation_strings":["Leeds Inst. of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Leeds Inst. of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Medicine, University of Leeds, Leeds, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I130828816"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048855633","display_name":"Richard M. Luceri","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799854417","display_name":"Holy Cross Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/054kr1687","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799854417"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Richard M. Luceri","raw_affiliation_strings":["Emeritus of Holy Cross Hospital, Ft. Lauderdale"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Emeritus of Holy Cross Hospital, Ft. Lauderdale","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799854417"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001997233","display_name":"Michael A. Brave","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Michael A. Brave","raw_affiliation_strings":["LAAW International, LLC"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"LAAW International, LLC","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046434526","display_name":"Dorin Panescu","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dorin Panescu","raw_affiliation_strings":["R&D, HeartBeam, Inc"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"R&D, HeartBeam, Inc","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5020245549"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149919469"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3852,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.48661738,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"18","issue":null,"first_page":"1264","last_page":"1268"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10784","display_name":"Muscle activation and electromyography studies","score":0.6883999705314636,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10784","display_name":"Muscle activation and electromyography studies","score":0.6883999705314636,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10338","display_name":"Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials","score":0.05050000175833702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12789","display_name":"Planarian Biology and Electrostimulation","score":0.02669999934732914,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1312","display_name":"Molecular Biology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/13","display_name":"Biochemistry, Genetics and Molecular Biology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.41915518045425415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-medicine-and-rehabilitation","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","score":0.3677220642566681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.25322243571281433}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.41915518045425415},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99508421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2678675","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","level":1,"score":0.3677220642566681},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.25322243571281433}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D004561","descriptor_name":"Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004561","descriptor_name":"Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004561","descriptor_name":"Transcutaneous Electric Nerve Stimulation","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004581","descriptor_name":"Electronics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004581","descriptor_name":"Electronics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004581","descriptor_name":"Electronics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009132","descriptor_name":"Muscles","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009132","descriptor_name":"Muscles","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009132","descriptor_name":"Muscles","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016495","descriptor_name":"Police","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016495","descriptor_name":"Police","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016495","descriptor_name":"Police","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D026741","descriptor_name":"Physical Therapy Modalities","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D026741","descriptor_name":"Physical Therapy Modalities","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D026741","descriptor_name":"Physical Therapy Modalities","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D035846","descriptor_name":"Law Enforcement","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D035846","descriptor_name":"Law Enforcement","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D035846","descriptor_name":"Law Enforcement","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D054041","descriptor_name":"Weapons","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D054041","descriptor_name":"Weapons","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D054041","descriptor_name":"Weapons","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc46164.2021.9630233","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc46164.2021.9630233","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607750","display_name":"2021 43rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine &amp; Biology Society (EMBC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 43rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine &amp; Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmid:34891516","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34891516","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":26,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W133075959","https://openalex.org/W1972050254","https://openalex.org/W1994617270","https://openalex.org/W2007715327","https://openalex.org/W2011056530","https://openalex.org/W2027942827","https://openalex.org/W2071241061","https://openalex.org/W2086646028","https://openalex.org/W2094609194","https://openalex.org/W2104628376","https://openalex.org/W2106309735","https://openalex.org/W2128508298","https://openalex.org/W2149509437","https://openalex.org/W2330416622","https://openalex.org/W2411881563","https://openalex.org/W2745448861","https://openalex.org/W2771027414","https://openalex.org/W2775745721","https://openalex.org/W2800614049","https://openalex.org/W2809433293","https://openalex.org/W2898714768","https://openalex.org/W2906358631","https://openalex.org/W2965484116","https://openalex.org/W3027221992","https://openalex.org/W3093650677","https://openalex.org/W4319431670"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W2382290278","https://openalex.org/W2478288626","https://openalex.org/W2350741829","https://openalex.org/W2530322880","https://openalex.org/W1596801655"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"INTRODUCTION:":[0],"Both":[1],"physical":[2,13,42],"therapists":[3],"and":[4,57,67],"police":[5,23],"officers":[6],"use":[7,25],"electrical":[8,88,103,140],"muscle":[9,46,130,141,150],"stimulation.":[10],"The":[11],"typical":[12,73],"therapist":[14],"unit":[15],"is":[16,113],"attached":[17],"with":[18,60],"adhesive":[19],"patches":[20],"while":[21],"the":[22,38,72,78,82,87,93,102,109,116,134],"models":[24],"needle-based":[26],"electrodes":[27],"to":[28],"penetrate":[29],"clothing.":[30],"There":[31],"have":[32],"been":[33],"very":[34],"few":[35],"papers":[36],"describing":[37],"outputs":[39],"of":[40,62,75,119],"these":[41],"therapy":[43],"EMS":[44,79,110,125],"(electrical":[45],"stimulator)":[47],"units.":[48],"METHODS:":[49],"We":[50],"purchased":[51],"6":[52],"TENS/EMS":[53],"units":[54,80,91,126],"at":[55],"retail":[56],"tested":[58],"them":[59],"loads":[61],"500":[63,76],"\u03a9,":[64,77],"2":[65,100],"k\u03a9,":[66],"10":[68],"k\u03a9.":[69],"RESULTS:":[70],"For":[71],"impedance":[74],"delivered":[81,92,105],"most":[83],"current":[84,107,146],"followed":[85],"by":[86,115],"weapons;":[89],"TENS":[90],"least":[94],"current.":[95],"At":[96],"higher":[97,117],"im-pedances":[98],"(>":[99],"k\u03a9)":[101],"weapons":[104],"more":[106,128,145],"than":[108,133,147],"units,":[111],"which":[112],"explained":[114],"voltage-compliance":[118],"their":[120],"circuits.":[121],"Some":[122],"multi":[123],"channel":[124],"deliver":[127,144],"calculated":[129],"stimula":[131],"tion":[132],"multi-channel":[135],"weapons.":[136],"CONCLUSION:":[137],"Present":[138],"therapeutic":[139],"stimula-tors":[142],"can":[143],"present":[148],"law-enforcement":[149],"stimulators.":[151]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-29T09:16:38.111599","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
