{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3172787012","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc46164.2021.9630194","title":"EEG-GNN: Graph Neural Networks for Classification of Electroencephalogram (EEG) Signals","display_name":"EEG-GNN: Graph Neural Networks for Classification of Electroencephalogram (EEG) Signals","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3172787012","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc46164.2021.9630194","mag":"3172787012","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34891471"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc46164.2021.9630194","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc46164.2021.9630194","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607750","display_name":"2021 43rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine &amp; Biology Society (EMBC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 43rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine &amp; Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5079209743","display_name":"Anda\u00e7 Demir","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2869-3879"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12912129","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/04t5xt781","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Andac Demir","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Cognitive Systems Laboratory, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Cognitive Systems Laboratory, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023338067","display_name":"Toshiaki Koike\u2010Akino","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2578-5372"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159266","display_name":"Mitsubishi Electric (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/053jnhe44","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1306287861","https://openalex.org/I4210133125","https://openalex.org/I4210159266"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Toshiaki Koike-Akino","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories (MERL), Cambridge, MA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories (MERL), Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159266"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100423404","display_name":"Ye Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5220-1830"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210159266","display_name":"Mitsubishi Electric (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/053jnhe44","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1306287861","https://openalex.org/I4210133125","https://openalex.org/I4210159266"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ye Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories (MERL), Cambridge, MA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Mitsubishi Electric Research Laboratories (MERL), Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210159266"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103101635","display_name":"Masaki Haruna","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4696-6364"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210133125","display_name":"Mitsubishi Electric (Japan)","ror":"https://ror.org/033y26782","country_code":"JP","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1306287861","https://openalex.org/I4210133125"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Masaki Haruna","raw_affiliation_strings":["Advanced Technology R&D Center, Mitsubishi Electric Corporation (MELCO), Amagasaki, Hyogo, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Advanced Technology R&D Center, Mitsubishi Electric Corporation (MELCO), Amagasaki, Hyogo, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210133125"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083261801","display_name":"Deniz Erdo\u011fmu\u015f","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1114-3539"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I12912129","display_name":"Northeastern University","ror":"https://ror.org/04t5xt781","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Deniz Erdogmus","raw_affiliation_strings":["Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Cognitive Systems Laboratory, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Electrical and Computer Engineering Department, Cognitive Systems Laboratory, Northeastern University, Boston, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5079209743"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I12912129"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":15.6242,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":104,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99636364,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"2021","issue":null,"first_page":"1061","last_page":"1067"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10241","display_name":"Functional Brain Connectivity Studies","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10581","display_name":"Neural dynamics and brain function","score":0.9952999949455261,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7920893430709839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electroencephalography","display_name":"Electroencephalography","score":0.7771332263946533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6436640024185181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pooling","display_name":"Pooling","score":0.5609233379364014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5476564168930054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5449023842811584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interpretability","display_name":"Interpretability","score":0.5359765887260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/graph","display_name":"Graph","score":0.4621466100215912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4384381175041199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.39269521832466125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/theoretical-computer-science","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","score":0.12490996718406677}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7920893430709839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522805319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965","display_name":"Electroencephalography","level":2,"score":0.7771332263946533},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6436640024185181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70437156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7228652","display_name":"Pooling","level":2,"score":0.5609233379364014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5476564168930054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5449023842811584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781067378","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17027399","display_name":"Interpretability","level":2,"score":0.5359765887260437},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C132525143","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q141488","display_name":"Graph","level":2,"score":0.4621466100215912},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4384381175041199},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.39269521832466125},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C80444323","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2878974","display_name":"Theoretical computer science","level":1,"score":0.12490996718406677},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D003199","descriptor_name":"Computer Systems","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003199","descriptor_name":"Computer Systems","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003199","descriptor_name":"Computer Systems","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004566","descriptor_name":"Electrodes","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004566","descriptor_name":"Electrodes","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004566","descriptor_name":"Electrodes","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc46164.2021.9630194","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc46164.2021.9630194","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607750","display_name":"2021 43rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine &amp; Biology Society (EMBC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 43rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine &amp; Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmid:34891471","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34891471","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":30,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2130847623","https://openalex.org/W2150251308","https://openalex.org/W2173183968","https://openalex.org/W2624431344","https://openalex.org/W2788919350","https://openalex.org/W2894175828","https://openalex.org/W2918342466","https://openalex.org/W2939208918","https://openalex.org/W2946693349","https://openalex.org/W2962711740","https://openalex.org/W2963175980","https://openalex.org/W2963716836","https://openalex.org/W3039011740","https://openalex.org/W3107551345","https://openalex.org/W3135439513","https://openalex.org/W3160202947","https://openalex.org/W3187586973","https://openalex.org/W4210257598","https://openalex.org/W4288419263","https://openalex.org/W4294558607","https://openalex.org/W6685265622","https://openalex.org/W6738964360","https://openalex.org/W6748524405","https://openalex.org/W6754929296","https://openalex.org/W6757634740","https://openalex.org/W6760045743","https://openalex.org/W6761665040","https://openalex.org/W6762735450","https://openalex.org/W6807384801","https://openalex.org/W7025035218"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2905433371","https://openalex.org/W2888392564","https://openalex.org/W4310278675","https://openalex.org/W4388422664","https://openalex.org/W4390569940","https://openalex.org/W4361193272","https://openalex.org/W2963326959","https://openalex.org/W4388685194","https://openalex.org/W4401096132","https://openalex.org/W3015684221"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Convolutional":[0],"neural":[1,42,77],"networks":[2],"(CNN)":[3],"have":[4],"been":[5],"frequently":[6],"used":[7,169],"to":[8,29,37,61,113,147,152],"extract":[9],"subject-invariant":[10],"features":[11,93],"from":[12],"electroencephalogram":[13],"(EEG)":[14],"for":[15,65,177],"classification":[16,155],"tasks.":[17],"This":[18],"approach":[19],"holds":[20],"the":[21,39,54,66,85,91],"underlying":[22],"assumption":[23],"that":[24,81,125,165],"electrodes":[25,83],"are":[26,94],"equidistant":[27],"analogous":[28],"pixels":[30],"of":[31,56,69,87,160],"an":[32],"image":[33],"and":[34,58,104,136,145,181],"hence":[35],"fails":[36],"explore/exploit":[38],"complex":[40],"functional":[41,67],"connectivity":[43],"between":[44],"different":[45],"electrode":[46,70],"sites.":[47,71],"We":[48],"overcome":[49],"this":[50],"limitation":[51],"by":[52,109,118],"tailoring":[53],"concepts":[55],"convolution":[57],"pooling":[59],"applied":[60],"2D":[62],"grid-like":[63],"inputs":[64],"network":[68,78],"Furthermore,":[72],"we":[73],"develop":[74],"various":[75],"graph":[76],"(GNN)":[79],"models":[80],"project":[82],"onto":[84],"nodes":[86,105],"a":[88,102,114,119],"graph,":[89],"where":[90],"node":[92],"represented":[95],"as":[96,139,141],"EEG":[97,153,171,184],"channel":[98,172],"samples":[99],"collected":[100],"over":[101],"trial,":[103],"can":[106,167],"be":[107,168],"connected":[108],"weighted/unweighted":[110],"edges":[111],"according":[112],"flexible":[115],"policy":[116],"formulated":[117],"neuroscientist.":[120],"The":[121],"empirical":[122],"evaluations":[123],"show":[124],"our":[126,161],"proposed":[127],"GNN-based":[128,162],"framework":[129,163],"outperforms":[130],"standard":[131],"CNN":[132],"classifiers":[133],"across":[134],"ErrP,":[135],"RSVP":[137],"datasets,":[138],"well":[140],"allowing":[142],"neuroscientific":[143],"interpretability":[144],"explainability":[146],"deep":[148],"learning":[149],"methods":[150],"tailored":[151],"related":[154],"problems.":[156],"Another":[157],"practical":[158],"advantage":[159],"is":[164,175],"it":[166],"in":[170],"selection,":[173],"which":[174],"critical":[176],"reducing":[178],"computational":[179],"cost,":[180],"designing":[182],"portable":[183],"headsets.":[185]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":36},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":27},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":22},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-14T08:04:32.555800","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
