{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4200463393","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc46164.2021.9629995","title":"Automatic Sleep Staging in Children with Sleep Apnea using Photoplethysmography and Convolutional Neural Networks","display_name":"Automatic Sleep Staging in Children with Sleep Apnea using Photoplethysmography and Convolutional Neural Networks","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4200463393","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc46164.2021.9629995","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34891275"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc46164.2021.9629995","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc46164.2021.9629995","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607750","display_name":"2021 43rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine &amp; Biology Society (EMBC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 43rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine &amp; Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Fernando Vaquerizo-Villar","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108103353","display_name":"Universidad de Valladolid","ror":"https://ror.org/01fvbaw18","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108103353"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801357902","display_name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","ror":"https://ror.org/00ca2c886","country_code":"ES","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801357902","https://openalex.org/I4387152914"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105141","display_name":"Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine","ror":"https://ror.org/01gm5f004","country_code":"ES","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105141"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Fernando Vaquerizo-Villar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biomedical Engineering Group, Universidad de Valladolid and CIBER-BBN (ISCIII), Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biomedical Engineering Group, Universidad de Valladolid and CIBER-BBN (ISCIII), Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108103353","https://openalex.org/I4210105141","https://openalex.org/I2801357902"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Daniel Alvarez","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108103353","display_name":"Universidad de Valladolid","ror":"https://ror.org/01fvbaw18","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108103353"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801357902","display_name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","ror":"https://ror.org/00ca2c886","country_code":"ES","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801357902","https://openalex.org/I4387152914"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105141","display_name":"Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine","ror":"https://ror.org/01gm5f004","country_code":"ES","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105141"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Alvarez","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biomedical Engineering Group, Universidad de Valladolid and CIBER-BBN (ISCIII), Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biomedical Engineering Group, Universidad de Valladolid and CIBER-BBN (ISCIII), Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108103353","https://openalex.org/I4210105141","https://openalex.org/I2801357902"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Jan F. Kraemer","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105141","display_name":"Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine","ror":"https://ror.org/01gm5f004","country_code":"ES","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105141"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801357902","display_name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","ror":"https://ror.org/00ca2c886","country_code":"ES","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801357902","https://openalex.org/I4387152914"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108103353","display_name":"Universidad de Valladolid","ror":"https://ror.org/01fvbaw18","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108103353"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jan F. Kraemer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biomedical Engineering Group, Universidad de Valladolid and CIBER-BBN (ISCIII), Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biomedical Engineering Group, Universidad de Valladolid and CIBER-BBN (ISCIII), Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108103353","https://openalex.org/I4210105141","https://openalex.org/I2801357902"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Niels Wessel","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108103353","display_name":"Universidad de Valladolid","ror":"https://ror.org/01fvbaw18","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108103353"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105141","display_name":"Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine","ror":"https://ror.org/01gm5f004","country_code":"ES","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105141"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801357902","display_name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","ror":"https://ror.org/00ca2c886","country_code":"ES","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801357902","https://openalex.org/I4387152914"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Niels Wessel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biomedical Engineering Group, Universidad de Valladolid and CIBER-BBN (ISCIII), Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biomedical Engineering Group, Universidad de Valladolid and CIBER-BBN (ISCIII), Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108103353","https://openalex.org/I4210105141","https://openalex.org/I2801357902"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Gonzalo C. Gutierrez-Tobal","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108103353","display_name":"Universidad de Valladolid","ror":"https://ror.org/01fvbaw18","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108103353"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801357902","display_name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","ror":"https://ror.org/00ca2c886","country_code":"ES","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801357902","https://openalex.org/I4387152914"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105141","display_name":"Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine","ror":"https://ror.org/01gm5f004","country_code":"ES","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105141"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gonzalo C. Gutierrez-Tobal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biomedical Engineering Group, Universidad de Valladolid and CIBER-BBN (ISCIII), Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biomedical Engineering Group, Universidad de Valladolid and CIBER-BBN (ISCIII), Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108103353","https://openalex.org/I4210105141","https://openalex.org/I2801357902"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Eva Calvo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108103353","display_name":"Universidad de Valladolid","ror":"https://ror.org/01fvbaw18","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108103353"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801357902","display_name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","ror":"https://ror.org/00ca2c886","country_code":"ES","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801357902","https://openalex.org/I4387152914"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105141","display_name":"Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine","ror":"https://ror.org/01gm5f004","country_code":"ES","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105141"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eva Calvo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biomedical Engineering Group, Universidad de Valladolid and CIBER-BBN (ISCIII), Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biomedical Engineering Group, Universidad de Valladolid and CIBER-BBN (ISCIII), Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108103353","https://openalex.org/I4210105141","https://openalex.org/I2801357902"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Felix del Campo","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801357902","display_name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","ror":"https://ror.org/00ca2c886","country_code":"ES","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801357902","https://openalex.org/I4387152914"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105141","display_name":"Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine","ror":"https://ror.org/01gm5f004","country_code":"ES","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105141"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108103353","display_name":"Universidad de Valladolid","ror":"https://ror.org/01fvbaw18","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108103353"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Felix del Campo","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biomedical Engineering Group, Universidad de Valladolid and CIBER-BBN (ISCIII), Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biomedical Engineering Group, Universidad de Valladolid and CIBER-BBN (ISCIII), Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108103353","https://openalex.org/I4210105141","https://openalex.org/I2801357902"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Leila Kheirandish-Gozal","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105141","display_name":"Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine","ror":"https://ror.org/01gm5f004","country_code":"ES","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105141"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108103353","display_name":"Universidad de Valladolid","ror":"https://ror.org/01fvbaw18","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108103353"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801357902","display_name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","ror":"https://ror.org/00ca2c886","country_code":"ES","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801357902","https://openalex.org/I4387152914"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Leila Kheirandish-Gozal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biomedical Engineering Group, Universidad de Valladolid and CIBER-BBN (ISCIII), Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biomedical Engineering Group, Universidad de Valladolid and CIBER-BBN (ISCIII), Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108103353","https://openalex.org/I4210105141","https://openalex.org/I2801357902"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"David Gozal","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108103353","display_name":"Universidad de Valladolid","ror":"https://ror.org/01fvbaw18","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108103353"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105141","display_name":"Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine","ror":"https://ror.org/01gm5f004","country_code":"ES","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105141"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801357902","display_name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","ror":"https://ror.org/00ca2c886","country_code":"ES","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801357902","https://openalex.org/I4387152914"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"David Gozal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biomedical Engineering Group, Universidad de Valladolid and CIBER-BBN (ISCIII), Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biomedical Engineering Group, Universidad de Valladolid and CIBER-BBN (ISCIII), Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108103353","https://openalex.org/I4210105141","https://openalex.org/I2801357902"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Thomas Penzel","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105141","display_name":"Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine","ror":"https://ror.org/01gm5f004","country_code":"ES","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105141"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108103353","display_name":"Universidad de Valladolid","ror":"https://ror.org/01fvbaw18","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108103353"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801357902","display_name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","ror":"https://ror.org/00ca2c886","country_code":"ES","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801357902","https://openalex.org/I4387152914"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Thomas Penzel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biomedical Engineering Group, Universidad de Valladolid and CIBER-BBN (ISCIII), Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biomedical Engineering Group, Universidad de Valladolid and CIBER-BBN (ISCIII), Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108103353","https://openalex.org/I4210105141","https://openalex.org/I2801357902"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Roberto Hornero","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2801357902","display_name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","ror":"https://ror.org/00ca2c886","country_code":"ES","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2801357902","https://openalex.org/I4387152914"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210105141","display_name":"Biomedical Research Networking Center in Bioengineering, Biomaterials and Nanomedicine","ror":"https://ror.org/01gm5f004","country_code":"ES","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210105141"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I108103353","display_name":"Universidad de Valladolid","ror":"https://ror.org/01fvbaw18","country_code":"ES","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I108103353"]}],"countries":["ES"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roberto Hornero","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biomedical Engineering Group, Universidad de Valladolid and CIBER-BBN (ISCIII), Spain"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biomedical Engineering Group, Universidad de Valladolid and CIBER-BBN (ISCIII), Spain","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108103353","https://openalex.org/I4210105141","https://openalex.org/I2801357902"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":11,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I108103353","https://openalex.org/I2801357902","https://openalex.org/I4210105141"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.6581,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91150442,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"2021","issue":null,"first_page":"216","last_page":"219"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10234","display_name":"Obstructive Sleep Apnea Research","score":0.7465999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10234","display_name":"Obstructive Sleep Apnea Research","score":0.7465999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.09719999879598618,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.039000000804662704,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/photoplethysmogram","display_name":"Photoplethysmogram","score":0.8393999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polysomnography","display_name":"Polysomnography","score":0.7057999968528748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sleep-apnea","display_name":"Sleep apnea","score":0.6877999901771545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sleep-stages","display_name":"Sleep Stages","score":0.6122999787330627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sleep","display_name":"Sleep (system call)","score":0.6035000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5289999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/apnea","display_name":"Apnea","score":0.4510999917984009}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C116390426","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7187885","display_name":"Photoplethysmogram","level":3,"score":0.8393999934196472},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778205975","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1754874","display_name":"Polysomnography","level":3,"score":0.7057999968528748},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777935920","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q213600","display_name":"Sleep apnea","level":2,"score":0.6877999901771545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.6468999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910364982","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35831","display_name":"Sleep Stages","level":4,"score":0.6122999787330627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775841894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4683692","display_name":"Sleep (system call)","level":2,"score":0.6035000085830688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5289999842643738},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781326671","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q754424","display_name":"Apnea","level":2,"score":0.4510999917984009},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C40993552","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q514654","display_name":"Gold standard (test)","level":2,"score":0.38190001249313354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39300077","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9530","display_name":"Breathing","level":2,"score":0.35569998621940613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548259974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q569965","display_name":"Audiology","level":1,"score":0.32989999651908875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776006263","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q16606552","display_name":"Obstructive sleep apnea","level":2,"score":0.3249000012874603},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99508421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2678675","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","level":1,"score":0.31130000948905945},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.2906999886035919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522805319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965","display_name":"Electroencephalography","level":2,"score":0.2833999991416931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.2718999981880188},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780322006","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7539768","display_name":"Sleep study","level":4,"score":0.26649999618530273}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002648","descriptor_name":"Child","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012890","descriptor_name":"Sleep","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012890","descriptor_name":"Sleep","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012890","descriptor_name":"Sleep","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012891","descriptor_name":"Sleep Apnea Syndromes","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012891","descriptor_name":"Sleep Apnea Syndromes","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012891","descriptor_name":"Sleep Apnea Syndromes","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012894","descriptor_name":"Sleep Stages","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012894","descriptor_name":"Sleep Stages","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012894","descriptor_name":"Sleep Stages","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017156","descriptor_name":"Photoplethysmography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017156","descriptor_name":"Photoplethysmography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017156","descriptor_name":"Photoplethysmography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc46164.2021.9629995","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc46164.2021.9629995","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607750","display_name":"2021 43rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine &amp; Biology Society (EMBC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 43rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine &amp; Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmid:34891275","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34891275","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320324494","display_name":"Sociedad Espa\u00f1ola de Neumolog\u00eda y Cirug\u00eda Tor\u00e1cica","ror":"https://ror.org/028h6g607"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334923","display_name":"Instituto de Salud Carlos III","ror":"https://ror.org/00ca2c886"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320335322","display_name":"European Regional Development Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338080","display_name":"European Social Fund","ror":"https://ror.org/00k4n6c32"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320338440","display_name":"HORIZON EUROPE Health","ror":null}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":18,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W118211727","https://openalex.org/W2006640824","https://openalex.org/W2026761333","https://openalex.org/W2083872334","https://openalex.org/W2089896788","https://openalex.org/W2091314241","https://openalex.org/W2107391591","https://openalex.org/W2137943957","https://openalex.org/W2157923681","https://openalex.org/W2189804150","https://openalex.org/W2291983068","https://openalex.org/W2790486743","https://openalex.org/W2810742136","https://openalex.org/W2943501917","https://openalex.org/W3026720205","https://openalex.org/W3027508887","https://openalex.org/W4294214983","https://openalex.org/W6675862722"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Sleep":[0],"staging":[1],"is":[2,116],"of":[3,10,20,90,95,108,162,195,203],"paramount":[4],"importance":[5],"in":[6,59,118,144,164,199,206,226],"children":[7,207],"with":[8,65,78,149,176,219],"suspicion":[9],"pediatric":[11,60,113,227],"obstructive":[12],"sleep":[13,52,61,135,204,223,229],"apnea":[14,62,230],"(OSA).":[15],"Complexity,":[16],"cost,":[17],"and":[18,54,103,152],"intrusiveness":[19],"overnight":[21],"polysomnography":[22],"(PSG),":[23],"the":[24,30,38,46,74,87,91,119,130,160,177,187,193,196,200],"gold":[25],"standard,":[26],"have":[27],"led":[28],"to":[29,51,186],"search":[31],"for":[32,86,133,156,168,222],"alternative":[33],"tests.":[34,231],"In":[35,69],"this":[36,70],"sense,":[37],"photoplethysmography":[39],"signal":[40,76,132,198],"(PPG)":[41],"carries":[42],"useful":[43],"information":[44],"about":[45],"autonomous":[47],"nervous":[48],"activity":[49],"associated":[50],"stages":[53,205,224],"can":[55,215],"be":[56,216],"easily":[57],"acquired":[58],"home":[63,228],"tests":[64],"a":[66,83,140],"pulse":[67],"oximeter.":[68],"study,":[71],"we":[72],"use":[73],"PPG":[75,110,131,197,220],"along":[77,218],"convolutional":[79],"neural":[80],"networks":[81],"(CNN),":[82],"deep-learning":[84],"technique,":[85],"automatic":[88],"identification":[89],"three":[92],"main":[93],"levels":[94],"sleep:":[96],"wake":[97,165],"(W),":[98],"rapid":[99],"eye":[100],"movement":[101],"(REM),":[102],"non-REM":[104],"sleep.":[105],"A":[106,121],"database":[107],"366":[109],"recordings":[111,221],"from":[112,129,180,209],"OSA":[114],"patients":[115],"involved":[117],"study.":[120],"CNN":[122,214],"architecture":[123],"was":[124],"trained":[125],"using":[126],"30-s":[127],"epochs":[128],"three-stage":[134],"classification.":[136,158],"This":[137,211],"model":[138],"showed":[139,171],"promising":[141],"diagnostic":[142],"performance":[143],"an":[145],"independent":[146],"test":[147],"set,":[148],"78.2%":[150],"accuracy":[151],"0.57":[153],"Cohen's":[154],"kappa":[155],"W/NREM/REM":[157],"Furthermore,":[159],"percentage":[161],"time":[163],"stage":[166],"obtained":[167],"each":[169],"subject":[170],"no":[172],"statistically":[173],"significant":[174],"differences":[175],"manually":[178],"scored":[179],"PSG.":[181],"These":[182],"results":[183],"were":[184],"superior":[185],"only":[188],"state-of-the-art":[189],"study":[190],"focused":[191],"on":[192],"analysis":[194],"automated":[201],"detection":[202],"suffering":[208],"OSA.":[210],"suggests":[212],"that":[213],"used":[217],"scoring":[225]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-14T08:04:32.555800","created_date":"2021-12-31T00:00:00"}
