{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3024146096","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc46164.2021.9629844","title":"Eye Accommodation Sensing for Adaptive Focus Adjustment","display_name":"Eye Accommodation Sensing for Adaptive Focus Adjustment","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3024146096","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc46164.2021.9629844","mag":"3024146096","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34892819"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc46164.2021.9629844","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc46164.2021.9629844","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607750","display_name":"2021 43rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 43rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055186871","display_name":"Domenico Tringali","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177477856","display_name":"Politecnico di Torino","ror":"https://ror.org/00bgk9508","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB","IT"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Domenico Tringali","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Centre for Bio-Inspired Technology, Imperial College London, UK","Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Politecnico di Torino, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Centre for Bio-Inspired Technology, Imperial College London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Politecnico di Torino, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Dorian Haci","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dorian Haci","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Centre for Bio-Inspired Technology, Imperial College London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Centre for Bio-Inspired Technology, Imperial College London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Federico Mazza","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Federico Mazza","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Centre for Bio-Inspired Technology, Imperial College London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Centre for Bio-Inspired Technology, Imperial College London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Konstantin Nikolic","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177463362","display_name":"University of West London","ror":"https://ror.org/03e5mzp60","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177463362"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Konstantin Nikolic","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Centre for Bio-Inspired Technology, Imperial College London, UK","School of Computing and Engineering, University of West London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Centre for Bio-Inspired Technology, Imperial College London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing and Engineering, University of West London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177463362"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Danilo Demarchi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177477856","display_name":"Politecnico di Torino","ror":"https://ror.org/00bgk9508","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Danilo Demarchi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Politecnico di Torino, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronics and Telecommunications, Politecnico di Torino, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177477856"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Timothy G Constandinou","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210126463","display_name":"UK Dementia Research Institute","ror":"https://ror.org/02wedp412","country_code":"GB","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210126463"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Timothy G Constandinou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Care Research & Technology Centre, UK Dementia Research Institute, UK","Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Centre for Bio-Inspired Technology, Imperial College London, UK"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Care Research & Technology Centre, UK Dementia Research Institute, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210126463"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Centre for Bio-Inspired Technology, Imperial College London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5055186871"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177477856","https://openalex.org/I47508984"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.0,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"9193","issue":null,"first_page":"7460","last_page":"7464"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9523000121116638,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9523000121116638,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10427","display_name":"Visual perception and processing mechanisms","score":0.9520000219345093,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13869","display_name":"Ocular and Laser Science Research","score":0.9345999956130981,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/accommodation","display_name":"Accommodation","score":0.8138360381126404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/presbyopia","display_name":"Presbyopia","score":0.8113783001899719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optometry","display_name":"Optometry","score":0.6302165389060974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/near-vision","display_name":"Near vision","score":0.5886582136154175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5622919797897339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gaze","display_name":"Gaze","score":0.5452159643173218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/focus","display_name":"Focus (optics)","score":0.5204182267189026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.41810399293899536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3920392692089081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.33941182494163513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.2572290301322937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.21385473012924194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.14532572031021118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visual-acuity","display_name":"Visual acuity","score":0.10997986793518066}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C157660682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q419793","display_name":"Accommodation","level":2,"score":0.8138360381126404},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779909278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q319595","display_name":"Presbyopia","level":2,"score":0.8113783001899719},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119767625","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q618211","display_name":"Optometry","level":1,"score":0.6302165389060974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2992575515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q168403","display_name":"Near vision","level":3,"score":0.5886582136154175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5622919797897339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779916870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14467155","display_name":"Gaze","level":2,"score":0.5452159643173218},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192209626","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190909","display_name":"Focus (optics)","level":2,"score":0.5204182267189026},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.41810399293899536},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3920392692089081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.33941182494163513},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.2572290301322937},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.21385473012924194},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.14532572031021118},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778257484","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q555066","display_name":"Visual acuity","level":2,"score":0.10997986793518066}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000065","descriptor_name":"Accommodation, Ocular","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000065","descriptor_name":"Accommodation, Ocular","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000065","descriptor_name":"Accommodation, Ocular","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000368","descriptor_name":"Aged","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005139","descriptor_name":"Eyeglasses","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005139","descriptor_name":"Eyeglasses","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005139","descriptor_name":"Eyeglasses","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007908","descriptor_name":"Lens, Crystalline","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007908","descriptor_name":"Lens, Crystalline","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007908","descriptor_name":"Lens, Crystalline","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009216","descriptor_name":"Myopia","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009216","descriptor_name":"Myopia","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009216","descriptor_name":"Myopia","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011305","descriptor_name":"Presbyopia","qualifier_ui":"Q000628","qualifier_name":"therapy","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011305","descriptor_name":"Presbyopia","qualifier_ui":"Q000628","qualifier_name":"therapy","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011305","descriptor_name":"Presbyopia","qualifier_ui":"Q000628","qualifier_name":"therapy","is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc46164.2021.9629844","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc46164.2021.9629844","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607750","display_name":"2021 43rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 43rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmid:34892819","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34892819","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.uwl.ac.uk:13007","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6551-2977","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402477","display_name":"UWL Repository (University of West London)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I177463362","host_organization_name":"University of West London","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177463362"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"acceptedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"PeerReviewed"},{"id":"mag:3024146096","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://webthesis.biblio.polito.it/13794/","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":null,"is_accepted":false,"is_published":null,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1987685137","https://openalex.org/W2046396053","https://openalex.org/W2083715695","https://openalex.org/W2504912947","https://openalex.org/W2578865572","https://openalex.org/W2631444287","https://openalex.org/W2792349387","https://openalex.org/W2916818460","https://openalex.org/W2955955700","https://openalex.org/W3110220146","https://openalex.org/W6674535311"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1515519150","https://openalex.org/W2189498698","https://openalex.org/W3000685933","https://openalex.org/W152603200","https://openalex.org/W2749551312","https://openalex.org/W3037936074","https://openalex.org/W2189048895","https://openalex.org/W3152581618","https://openalex.org/W2024285908","https://openalex.org/W2324861346","https://openalex.org/W1533775089","https://openalex.org/W2850705090","https://openalex.org/W2972399174","https://openalex.org/W2259598040","https://openalex.org/W2316610489","https://openalex.org/W2926085653","https://openalex.org/W74529790","https://openalex.org/W2324067728","https://openalex.org/W2319368324","https://openalex.org/W2411470144"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Over":[0],"2":[1],"billion":[2],"people":[3],"across":[4,229],"the":[5,29,37,40,66,85,91,95,179,190,200,230],"world":[6],"are":[7,62,210],"affected":[8],"by":[9],"some":[10],"visual":[11],"impairment":[12],"-":[13],"mostly":[14],"related":[15,211],"to":[16,24,65,82,112,118,134,154,161,184,195,206,212,215,219,246],"optical":[17],"issues,":[18],"and":[19,45,61,73,139,164,187],"this":[20,128],"number":[21],"is":[22,69,124,132],"estimated":[23],"grow.":[25],"Often,":[26],"particularly":[27],"in":[28,99,116],"elderly,":[30],"more":[31],"than":[32],"one":[33,177,188],"condition":[34],"can":[35,51,108],"affect":[36],"eyes":[38],"at":[39],"same":[41],"time,":[42],"e.g.,":[43],"myopia":[44],"presbyopia.":[46],"Bifocal":[47],"or":[48,59,217],"multifocal":[49],"lenses":[50],"be":[52],"used,":[53],"these":[54],"however":[55],"may":[56],"become":[57],"uncomfortable":[58],"disturbing":[60],"not":[63],"adapted":[64],"user.":[67],"There":[68],"therefore":[70],"a":[71,76,100,104,110,121,146,159,182,193,203,213,224,242],"need":[72],"opportunity":[74],"for":[75,178,189],"new":[77],"type":[78],"of":[79,93,148,202,227],"glasses":[80],"able":[81],"adaptively":[83],"change":[84],"lenses'":[86],"focus.":[87],"This":[88,107,172,198,222,238],"paper":[89],"explores":[90],"feasibility":[92],"recording":[94],"eye":[96,114,123,136,141],"accommodation":[97],"process":[98],"non-invasive":[101],"way":[102,111],"using":[103],"wearable":[105],"device.":[106],"provide":[109],"measure":[113],"convergence":[115],"real-time":[117],"determine":[119],"what":[120],"person's":[122],"focused":[125],"on.":[126],"In":[127],"study,":[129],"Electro-oculography":[130],"(EoG)":[131],"used":[133],"observe":[135],"muscle":[137],"activity":[138],"estimate":[140],"movement.":[142],"To":[143],"assess":[144],"this,":[145],"group":[147],"11":[149,236],"participants":[150],"we":[151],"each":[152],"asked":[153],"switch":[155],"their":[156,168],"gaze":[157],"from":[158,181,192,234],"near":[160,185,194,218],"far":[162,183,196,214,220],"target":[163],"vice":[165],"versa,":[166],"whilst":[167],"EoG":[169],"was":[170],"measured.":[171],"revealed":[173],"two":[174],"distinct":[175],"waveforms:":[176],"transition":[180,191],"target,":[186],"target.":[197],"informed":[199],"design":[201],"correlation-based":[204],"classifier":[205],"detect":[207],"which":[208],"signals":[209],"near,":[216],"transition.":[221],"achieved":[223],"classification":[225],"accuracy":[226],"97.9\u00b11.37%":[228],"experimental":[231],"results":[232],"gathered":[233],"our":[235],"participants.":[237],"pilot":[239],"data":[240],"provides":[241],"basic":[243],"starting":[244],"point":[245],"justify":[247],"future":[248],"device":[249],"development.":[250]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-05-05T08:41:31.759640","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}