{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3183966417","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc46164.2021.9629661","title":"Estimating Respiratory Rate From Breath Audio Obtained Through Wearable Microphones","display_name":"Estimating Respiratory Rate From Breath Audio Obtained Through Wearable Microphones","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3183966417","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc46164.2021.9629661","mag":"3183966417","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34892786"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc46164.2021.9629661","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc46164.2021.9629661","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607750","display_name":"2021 43rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine &amp; Biology Society (EMBC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 43rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine &amp; Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049794287","display_name":"Agni Kumar","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153776","display_name":"Apple (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/059hsda18","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210153776"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Agni Kumar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Apple, Cupertino, California, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Apple, Cupertino, California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210153776"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5091201226","display_name":"Vikramjit Mitra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2721-3976"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153776","display_name":"Apple (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/059hsda18","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210153776"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vikramjit Mitra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Apple, Cupertino, California, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Apple, Cupertino, California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210153776"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102818429","display_name":"Carolyn Oliver","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3056-8436"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153776","display_name":"Apple (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/059hsda18","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210153776"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Carolyn Oliver","raw_affiliation_strings":["Apple, Cupertino, California, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Apple, Cupertino, California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210153776"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015211263","display_name":"Adeeti V. Ullal","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1639-6754"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153776","display_name":"Apple (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/059hsda18","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210153776"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Adeeti Ullal","raw_affiliation_strings":["Apple, Cupertino, California, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Apple, Cupertino, California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210153776"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5008760520","display_name":"Matt Biddulph","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153776","display_name":"Apple (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/059hsda18","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210153776"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Matt Biddulph","raw_affiliation_strings":["Apple, Cupertino, California, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Apple, Cupertino, California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210153776"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089285522","display_name":"Irida Mance","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210153776","display_name":"Apple (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/059hsda18","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210153776"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Irida Mance","raw_affiliation_strings":["Apple, Cupertino, California, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Apple, Cupertino, California, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210153776"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210153776"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":7.1699,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":34,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.99017199,"is_in_top_1_percent":true,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":97,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"2021","issue":null,"first_page":"7310","last_page":"7315"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12419","display_name":"Phonocardiography and Auscultation Techniques","score":0.9883999824523926,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12419","display_name":"Phonocardiography and Auscultation Techniques","score":0.9883999824523926,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.9879999756813049,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11667","display_name":"Advanced Chemical Sensor Technologies","score":0.9858999848365784,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6121074557304382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/respiratory-rate","display_name":"Respiratory rate","score":0.556469738483429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wearable-computer","display_name":"Wearable computer","score":0.5151161551475525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/headphones","display_name":"Headphones","score":0.5125465393066406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mean-squared-error","display_name":"Mean squared error","score":0.49624210596084595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/microphone","display_name":"Microphone","score":0.45250850915908813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.445893794298172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heart-rate","display_name":"Heart rate","score":0.38312166929244995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.3816423714160919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-therapy","display_name":"Physical therapy","score":0.3448656499385834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/simulation","display_name":"Simulation","score":0.32287847995758057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.31444740295410156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1748620867729187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-medicine","display_name":"Internal medicine","score":0.1704966425895691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blood-pressure","display_name":"Blood pressure","score":0.11145293712615967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.10234832763671875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sound-pressure","display_name":"Sound pressure","score":0.09425678849220276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.08509296178817749}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6121074557304382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8213797","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q754250","display_name":"Respiratory rate","level":4,"score":0.556469738483429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150594956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334829","display_name":"Wearable computer","level":2,"score":0.5151161551475525},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781258422","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186819","display_name":"Headphones","level":2,"score":0.5125465393066406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C139945424","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1940696","display_name":"Mean squared error","level":2,"score":0.49624210596084595},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778263558","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q46384","display_name":"Microphone","level":3,"score":0.45250850915908813},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.445893794298172},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777953023","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1073121","display_name":"Heart rate","level":3,"score":0.38312166929244995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.3816423714160919},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C1862650","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q186005","display_name":"Physical therapy","level":1,"score":0.3448656499385834},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.32287847995758057},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.31444740295410156},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1748620867729187},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.1704966425895691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84393581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82642","display_name":"Blood pressure","level":2,"score":0.11145293712615967},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.10234832763671875},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68115822","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1068172","display_name":"Sound pressure","level":2,"score":0.09425678849220276},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.08509296178817749},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000076251","descriptor_name":"Wearable Electronic Devices","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000076251","descriptor_name":"Wearable Electronic Devices","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000076251","descriptor_name":"Wearable Electronic Devices","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001249","descriptor_name":"Asthma","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001249","descriptor_name":"Asthma","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001249","descriptor_name":"Asthma","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012119","descriptor_name":"Respiration","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012119","descriptor_name":"Respiration","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012119","descriptor_name":"Respiration","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015444","descriptor_name":"Exercise","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015444","descriptor_name":"Exercise","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015444","descriptor_name":"Exercise","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D056152","descriptor_name":"Respiratory Rate","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D056152","descriptor_name":"Respiratory Rate","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D056152","descriptor_name":"Respiratory Rate","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc46164.2021.9629661","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc46164.2021.9629661","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607750","display_name":"2021 43rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine &amp; Biology Society (EMBC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 43rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine &amp; Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmid:34892786","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34892786","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.7699999809265137,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1535687102","https://openalex.org/W1970529609","https://openalex.org/W1992694261","https://openalex.org/W2004008756","https://openalex.org/W2015795623","https://openalex.org/W2017528405","https://openalex.org/W2041308654","https://openalex.org/W2087567823","https://openalex.org/W2091077693","https://openalex.org/W2111815881","https://openalex.org/W2113972551","https://openalex.org/W2313339984","https://openalex.org/W2572494275","https://openalex.org/W2606535100","https://openalex.org/W2774419417","https://openalex.org/W2909450825","https://openalex.org/W2926331710","https://openalex.org/W2944694413","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W2963430933","https://openalex.org/W2963677766","https://openalex.org/W2973149080","https://openalex.org/W3004449907","https://openalex.org/W3015939301","https://openalex.org/W3116760127","https://openalex.org/W6677128213","https://openalex.org/W6738279954","https://openalex.org/W6787579723"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1519334917","https://openalex.org/W2285322832","https://openalex.org/W2069110031","https://openalex.org/W2511793349","https://openalex.org/W2506159889","https://openalex.org/W4237416696","https://openalex.org/W2293832935","https://openalex.org/W2968763213","https://openalex.org/W2037844040","https://openalex.org/W4387872898"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Respiratory":[0],"rate":[1,230],"(RR)":[2],"is":[3],"a":[4,60,75,167,181,189,201,221],"clinical":[5],"metric":[6],"used":[7],"to":[8,24,38,48,63,78,130,219,227],"assess":[9],"overall":[10],"health":[11],"and":[12,40,67,104,116,141,162,165,188,224,231],"physical":[13,49,87],"fitness.":[14],"An":[15],"individual's":[16],"RR":[17,57,80,108,135,148,176],"can":[18,58,177,199],"change":[19],"from":[20,81,95],"their":[21],"baseline":[22],"due":[23,37,47],"chronic":[25],"illness":[26,34],"symptoms":[27],"(e.g.,":[28,35],"asthma,":[29],"congestive":[30],"heart":[31],"failure),":[32],"acute":[33],"breathlessness":[36],"infection),":[39],"over":[41,70,235],"the":[42,45,211],"course":[43],"of":[44,56,149,169,186,194,213],"day":[46],"exhaustion":[50],"during":[51],"heightened":[52],"exertion.":[53],"Remote":[54],"estimation":[55],"offer":[59],"cost-effective":[61,225],"method":[62,226],"track":[64,232],"disease":[65],"progression":[66],"cardio-respiratory":[68,233],"fitness":[69,234],"time.":[71,236],"This":[72],"work":[73],"investigates":[74],"model-driven":[76],"approach":[77],"estimate":[79,134,228],"short":[82],"audio":[83,198],"segments":[84],"obtained":[85],"after":[86,105],"exertion":[88],"in":[89,136],"healthy":[90],"adults.":[91],"Data":[92],"was":[93,109,128,173],"collected":[94],"21":[96],"individuals":[97],"using":[98],"microphone-enabled,":[99],"near-field":[100],"headphones":[101,218],"before,":[102],"during,":[103],"strenuous":[106],"exercise.":[107],"manually":[110],"annotated":[111],"by":[112,146],"counting":[113],"perceived":[114],"inhalations":[115],"exhalations.":[117],"A":[118],"multi-task":[119,157],"Long-Short":[120],"Term":[121],"Memory":[122],"(LSTM)":[123],"network":[124],"with":[125,180],"convolutional":[126],"layers":[127],"implemented":[129],"process":[131],"mel-filterbank":[132],"energies,":[133],"varying":[137],"background":[138],"noise":[139],"conditions,":[140],"predict":[142],"heavy":[143],"breathing,":[144],"indicated":[145],"an":[147],"more":[150],"than":[151],"25":[152],"breaths":[153],"per":[154],"minute.":[155],"The":[156],"model":[158],"performs":[159],"both":[160],"classification":[161],"regression":[163],"tasks":[164],"leverages":[166],"mixture":[168],"loss":[170],"functions.":[171],"It":[172],"observed":[174],"that":[175,197],"be":[178,200],"estimated":[179],"concordance":[182],"correlation":[183],"coefficient":[184],"(CCC)":[185],"0.76":[187],"mean":[190],"squared":[191],"error":[192],"(MSE)":[193],"0.2,":[195],"demonstrating":[196],"viable":[202],"signal":[203],"for":[204],"approximating":[205],"RR.Clinical":[206],"relevance-The":[207],"subject":[208],"technology":[209],"facilitates":[210],"use":[212],"accessible,":[214],"aesthetically":[215],"acceptable":[216],"wearable":[217],"provide":[220],"technologically":[222],"efficient":[223],"respiratory":[229]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-06-26T08:34:08.712188","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
