{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4200088056","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc46164.2021.9629654","title":"Gaze-controlled Robot-assisted Painting in Virtual Reality for Upper-limb Rehabilitation","display_name":"Gaze-controlled Robot-assisted Painting in Virtual Reality for Upper-limb Rehabilitation","publication_year":2021,"publication_date":"2021-11-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4200088056","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc46164.2021.9629654","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34892221"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc46164.2021.9629654","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc46164.2021.9629654","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607750","display_name":"2021 43rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 43rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Yawen Zhang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yawen Zhang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong SAR"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong SAR","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079","https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Haofei Wang","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210136793","display_name":"Peng Cheng Laboratory","ror":"https://ror.org/03qdqbt06","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210136793"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Haofei Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Pengcheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, China"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Pengcheng Laboratory, Shenzhen, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210136793"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Bertram E. Shi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","display_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00q4vv597","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I889458895","display_name":"University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/02zhqgq86","country_code":"HK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}],"countries":["HK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bertram E. Shi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong SAR"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic and Computer Engineering, the Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Hong Kong SAR","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I200769079","https://openalex.org/I889458895"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"2021","issue":null,"first_page":"4513","last_page":"4517"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10510","display_name":"Stroke Rehabilitation and Recovery","score":0.9276000261306763,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2742","display_name":"Rehabilitation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10510","display_name":"Stroke Rehabilitation and Recovery","score":0.9276000261306763,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2742","display_name":"Rehabilitation"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.03799999877810478,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.008999999612569809,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.6410999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-reality","display_name":"Virtual reality","score":0.6212000250816345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rehabilitation","display_name":"Rehabilitation","score":0.5612000226974487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/painting","display_name":"Painting","score":0.46939998865127563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.4661000072956085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/resistive-touchscreen","display_name":"Resistive touchscreen","score":0.4440000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control","display_name":"Control (management)","score":0.374099999666214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-system","display_name":"Control system","score":0.35510000586509705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rehabilitation-robotics","display_name":"Rehabilitation robotics","score":0.34689998626708984}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.6410999894142151},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194969405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170519","display_name":"Virtual reality","level":2,"score":0.6212000250816345},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778818304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1819478","display_name":"Rehabilitation","level":2,"score":0.5612000226974487},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.535099983215332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99508421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2678675","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","level":1,"score":0.47360000014305115},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205783811","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11629","display_name":"Painting","level":2,"score":0.46939998865127563},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.4661000072956085},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C6899612","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q852911","display_name":"Resistive touchscreen","level":2,"score":0.4440000057220459},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4106999933719635},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.374099999666214},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17500928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q959968","display_name":"Control system","level":2,"score":0.35510000586509705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.3483000099658966},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775862927","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7309766","display_name":"Rehabilitation robotics","level":3,"score":0.34689998626708984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779916870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14467155","display_name":"Gaze","level":2,"score":0.3456999957561493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.335099995136261},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3156999945640564},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780645631","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q671554","display_name":"Stroke (engine)","level":2,"score":0.3086000084877014},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153715457","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q254183","display_name":"Augmented reality","level":2,"score":0.30149999260902405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C44154836","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q45045","display_name":"Simulation","level":1,"score":0.30070000886917114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204323151","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q905424","display_name":"Range (aeronautics)","level":2,"score":0.29679998755455017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776857766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7832987","display_name":"Training system","level":2,"score":0.29580000042915344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C34413123","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170978","display_name":"Robotics","level":3,"score":0.28940001130104065},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780791683","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q846785","display_name":"Action (physics)","level":2,"score":0.2874999940395355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171268870","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1486676","display_name":"GRASP","level":2,"score":0.28110000491142273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C175154964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q380077","display_name":"Task analysis","level":3,"score":0.27559998631477356},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108811297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q214518","display_name":"Admittance","level":3,"score":0.2687000036239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018950346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12131","display_name":"Disabled people","level":3,"score":0.2603999972343445},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.25780001282691956}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000071939","descriptor_name":"Stroke Rehabilitation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000071939","descriptor_name":"Stroke Rehabilitation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000071939","descriptor_name":"Stroke Rehabilitation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000076142","descriptor_name":"Virtual Reality","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000076142","descriptor_name":"Virtual Reality","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000076142","descriptor_name":"Virtual Reality","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012371","descriptor_name":"Robotics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012371","descriptor_name":"Robotics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012371","descriptor_name":"Robotics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D020521","descriptor_name":"Stroke","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D020521","descriptor_name":"Stroke","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D020521","descriptor_name":"Stroke","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D034941","descriptor_name":"Upper Extremity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D034941","descriptor_name":"Upper Extremity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D034941","descriptor_name":"Upper Extremity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc46164.2021.9629654","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc46164.2021.9629654","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4363607750","display_name":"2021 43rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"conference"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2021 43rd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmid:34892221","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34892221","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.hkust.edu.hk:1783.1-115222","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://lbdiscover.ust.hk/uresolver?url_ver=Z39.88-2004&rft_val_fmt=info:ofi/fmt:kev:mtx:journal&rfr_id=info:sid/HKUST:SPI&rft.genre=article&rft.issn=2694-0604&rft.volume=&rft.issue=&rft.date=2021&rft.spage=4513&rft.aulast=Zhang&rft.aufirst=Yawen&rft.atitle=Gaze-controlled+Robot-assisted+Painting+in+Virtual+Reality+for+Upper-limb+Rehabilitation&rft.title=Proceedings+of+the+Annual+International+Conference+of+the+IEEE+Engineering+in+Medicine+and+Biology+Society%2C+EMBS","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401796","display_name":"Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Conference paper"},{"id":"pmh:oai:repository.ust.hk:1783.1-115222","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://repository.ust.hk/ir/Record/1783.1-115222","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306401796","display_name":"Rare & Special e-Zone (The Hong Kong University of Science and Technology)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I200769079","host_organization_name":"Hong Kong University of Science and Technology","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I200769079"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"Conference paper"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321543","display_name":"China Postdoctoral Science Foundation","ror":"https://ror.org/0426zh255"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1966775428","https://openalex.org/W1987335578","https://openalex.org/W2018843984","https://openalex.org/W2086604372","https://openalex.org/W2114260690","https://openalex.org/W2137686261","https://openalex.org/W2139049236","https://openalex.org/W2140280613","https://openalex.org/W2153224615","https://openalex.org/W2161520795","https://openalex.org/W2164553222","https://openalex.org/W2169309305","https://openalex.org/W2550290216","https://openalex.org/W2809563891","https://openalex.org/W2964770997","https://openalex.org/W6696790460"],"related_works":[],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Stroke":[0],"is":[1,111,157],"the":[2,63,78,98,119,139,154,182,193,209],"leading":[3],"cause":[4],"of":[5,73,88,93,116,135,141,164,188,195,221],"adult":[6],"disability.":[7],"Robot-assisted":[8],"rehabilitation":[9],"systems":[10],"show":[11,180],"great":[12],"promise":[13],"for":[14,29,113,217],"motor":[15],"recovery":[16],"after":[17],"a":[18,25,35,43,85,162,213,218],"stroke.":[19],"In":[20],"this":[21],"work,":[22],"we":[23],"present":[24],"gazecontrolled":[26],"robotic":[27,64],"system":[28,65,99,173,183,210],"upper":[30],"limb":[31,122,156],"rehabilitation.":[32],"Subjects":[33],"perform":[34],"painting":[36,47],"task":[37,48],"in":[38,59,101,149],"virtual":[39],"reality.":[40],"We":[41,95,169],"designed":[42,112],"novel":[44],"and":[45,52,106,166,191],"challenging":[46],"to":[49,69,77,84,131],"encourage":[50],"motivation":[51],"engagement,":[53],"as":[54],"these":[55],"are":[56],"critical":[57],"factors":[58],"treatment":[60],"efficacy.":[61],"Because":[62],"can":[66,81,128,184,202],"be":[67,82,129],"programmed":[68],"provide":[70,132,185,212],"varying":[71,133,186],"amounts":[72],"assistance":[74],"or":[75],"resistance":[76,136],"subject,":[79],"it":[80],"applied":[83],"wide":[86,219],"range":[87,220],"patients":[89,148],"at":[90],"different":[91],"phases":[92],"recovery.":[94],"describe":[96],"here":[97],"configured":[100,130],"two":[102],"modes:":[103],"resistive":[104,189],"control":[105,198],"hierarchical":[107],"control.":[108,168],"The":[109,145],"former":[110],"later":[114],"stages":[115],"recovery,":[117],"where":[118,153],"patient's":[120],"impaired":[121,155],"has":[123],"recovered":[124],"some":[125],"function.":[126],"It":[127,160],"degrees":[134,187],"by":[137,200],"adjusting":[138],"properties":[140],"an":[142],"admittance":[143],"controller.":[144],"latter":[146],"targets":[147],"more":[150,214],"acute":[151],"phases,":[152],"less":[158],"responsive.":[159],"provides":[161],"combination":[163],"assistive":[165],"corrective":[167],"pilot":[170],"tested":[171],"our":[172],"on":[174],"10":[175],"able-bodied":[176],"subjects.":[177],"Our":[178],"results":[179,206],"that":[181,192,208],"control,":[190],"integration":[194],"high":[196],"level":[197],"modulated":[199],"gaze":[201],"improve":[203],"engagement.":[204],"These":[205],"suggest":[207],"may":[211],"engaging":[215],"environment":[216],"rehabilitative":[222],"therapies":[223],"than":[224],"currently":[225],"available.":[226]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2021-12-31T00:00:00"}