{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3082946619","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc44109.2020.9176731","title":"Effect of Ambient Lighting and Skin Tone on Estimation of Heart Rate and Pulse Transit Time from Video Plethysmography","display_name":"Effect of Ambient Lighting and Skin Tone on Estimation of Heart Rate and Pulse Transit Time from Video Plethysmography","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3082946619","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc44109.2020.9176731","mag":"3082946619","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33018549"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc44109.2020.9176731","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc44109.2020.9176731","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 42nd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine &amp; Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080950828","display_name":"Fatemeh Shirbani","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0273-4396"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99043593","display_name":"Macquarie University","ror":"https://ror.org/01sf06y89","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"F. Shirbani","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5027910815","display_name":"Nicholas Hui","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99043593","display_name":"Macquarie University","ror":"https://ror.org/01sf06y89","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"N. Hui","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5001740149","display_name":"Isabella Tan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3123-6190"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99043593","display_name":"Macquarie University","ror":"https://ror.org/01sf06y89","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"I. Tan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037439922","display_name":"Mark Butlin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2746-4222"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99043593","display_name":"Macquarie University","ror":"https://ror.org/01sf06y89","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Butlin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073706072","display_name":"Alberto Avolio","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8311-2010"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I99043593","display_name":"Macquarie University","ror":"https://ror.org/01sf06y89","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. P. Avolio","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Sciences, Macquarie University, Sydney, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I99043593"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.7843,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":19,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68882329,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"2020","issue":null,"first_page":"2642","last_page":"2645"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10745","display_name":"Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10977","display_name":"Optical Imaging and Spectroscopy Techniques","score":0.9929999709129333,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plethysmograph","display_name":"Plethysmograph","score":0.6581553220748901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pulse","display_name":"Pulse (music)","score":0.58503657579422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tone","display_name":"Tone (literature)","score":0.5632878541946411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pulse-rate","display_name":"Pulse rate","score":0.5351781249046326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transit-time","display_name":"Transit time","score":0.5163801908493042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.49581965804100037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.41179215908050537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/environmental-science","display_name":"Environmental science","score":0.3453866243362427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cardiology","display_name":"Cardiology","score":0.20720767974853516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.20233508944511414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.1694081723690033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-medicine","display_name":"Internal medicine","score":0.1605094075202942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.14976608753204346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.1269901692867279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/art","display_name":"Art","score":0.1268521547317505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/blood-pressure","display_name":"Blood pressure","score":0.10003632307052612}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73362275","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181277","display_name":"Plethysmograph","level":2,"score":0.6581553220748901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780167933","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1550652","display_name":"Pulse (music)","level":3,"score":0.58503657579422},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780583480","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1366327","display_name":"Tone (literature)","level":2,"score":0.5632878541946411},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2988351347","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q191733","display_name":"Pulse rate","level":3,"score":0.5351781249046326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018129524","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7834377","display_name":"Transit time","level":2,"score":0.5163801908493042},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.49581965804100037},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.41179215908050537},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C39432304","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q188847","display_name":"Environmental science","level":0,"score":0.3453866243362427},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164705383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10379","display_name":"Cardiology","level":1,"score":0.20720767974853516},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.20233508944511414},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.1694081723690033},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.1605094075202942},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.14976608753204346},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.1269901692867279},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142362112","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q735","display_name":"Art","level":0,"score":0.1268521547317505},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84393581","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82642","display_name":"Blood pressure","level":2,"score":0.10003632307052612},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C22212356","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q775325","display_name":"Transport engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C94915269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1834857","display_name":"Detector","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124952713","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8242","display_name":"Literature","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005260","descriptor_name":"Female","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006339","descriptor_name":"Heart Rate","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006339","descriptor_name":"Heart Rate","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006339","descriptor_name":"Heart Rate","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008029","descriptor_name":"Lighting","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008029","descriptor_name":"Lighting","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008029","descriptor_name":"Lighting","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010991","descriptor_name":"Plethysmography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010991","descriptor_name":"Plethysmography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010991","descriptor_name":"Plethysmography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012880","descriptor_name":"Skin Pigmentation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012880","descriptor_name":"Skin Pigmentation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012880","descriptor_name":"Skin Pigmentation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D063177","descriptor_name":"Pulse Wave Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D063177","descriptor_name":"Pulse Wave Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D063177","descriptor_name":"Pulse Wave Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc44109.2020.9176731","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc44109.2020.9176731","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 42nd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine &amp; Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmid:33018549","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33018549","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.6200000047683716,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1984554603","https://openalex.org/W1986273245","https://openalex.org/W1990248972","https://openalex.org/W2060667206","https://openalex.org/W2083872334","https://openalex.org/W2135464439","https://openalex.org/W2164598857","https://openalex.org/W2280893920","https://openalex.org/W2400330970","https://openalex.org/W2461101863","https://openalex.org/W2520509592","https://openalex.org/W2541746511","https://openalex.org/W2767575893","https://openalex.org/W2831797617","https://openalex.org/W2898888403","https://openalex.org/W2965857341","https://openalex.org/W2971280753"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2316134916","https://openalex.org/W2016732218","https://openalex.org/W2411250019","https://openalex.org/W2911466994","https://openalex.org/W3122429075","https://openalex.org/W1892452077","https://openalex.org/W2541878788","https://openalex.org/W2095160652","https://openalex.org/W2103072235","https://openalex.org/W4240476137"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Video-based":[0],"photoplethysmography":[1],"(vPPG)":[2],"enables":[3],"remote":[4,34],"and":[5,25,42,81,96,99,121,168,217,240,251,272,281],"contactless":[6],"detection":[7],"of":[8,12,33,39,63,102,114,126,199,215,249,275,298],"the":[9,31,119,124,127,162,174,200,212,218,228,247,273,290],"peripheral":[10],"pulse":[11,26],"blood":[13],"flow.":[14],"This":[15],"provides":[16],"a":[17,46,61,100,180,241,296],"potential":[18],"mean":[19],"to":[20],"extract":[21],"heart":[22],"rate":[23],"(HR)":[24],"transit":[27],"time":[28,233],"(PTT)":[29],"for":[30,138],"purpose":[32],"health":[35],"monitoring.":[36],"The":[37,78,90,106,130,150],"accuracy":[38],"average":[40],"HR":[41,132],"PTT":[43,204],"extracted":[44,110],"from":[45,86,93,111,140,152,161,206,235],"two-minute":[47],"vPPG":[48,91,107,139,207,299],"recording":[49],"has":[50],"been":[51],"investigated":[52],"at":[53,192,255,282,286],"six":[54,256],"different":[55,222,257],"lighting":[56,164,189,194,226,265,288],"conditions":[57,165],"among":[58],"participants":[59],"with":[60,183,278],"range":[62],"Fitzpatrick":[64],"skin":[65,184,201,252,291],"scores.":[66],"12":[67],"healthy":[68],"volunteers":[69],"(6":[70],"females,":[71],"27":[72],"\u00b1":[73],"6":[74,213],"years)":[75],"were":[76,84,104,109,170,209],"recruited.":[77],"video,":[79],"electrocardiogram":[80],"finger":[82],"PPG":[83,236],"acquired":[85],"immobile":[87],"resting":[88],"subjects.":[89],"signals":[92,108],"red,":[94],"green":[95,141],"blue":[97],"channels,":[98],"combination":[101],"those":[103],"investigated.":[105],"two":[112],"regions":[113],"interest":[115],"(ROIs):":[116],"one":[117,122],"on":[118,123],"forehead":[120],"palm":[125],"left":[128],"hand.":[129],"estimated":[131],"error":[133],"(HR-error)":[134],"was":[135,197,220,238,244],"significantly":[136,171,221],"lower":[137,155],"channels":[142],"in":[143,187,263],"both":[144],"ROIs":[145],"(ROI1":[146],"[p<0.001],":[147],"ROI2":[148,158],"[p<0.05]).":[149],"signal":[151],"ROI1":[153],"demonstrated":[154],"HR-error":[156,160,178,196,271],"than":[157,173],"(p<0.001).":[159],"darkest":[163],"(Lumen":[166],"1":[167],"2)":[169],"higher":[172],"others":[175],"(p<0.05).":[176,223],"Furthermore,":[177],"showed":[179],"positive":[181,242],"correlation":[182,243],"tone":[185,202,253,292],"scores":[186],"every":[188],"condition.":[190],"However,":[191,259,285],"brighter":[193,264,287],"intensity,":[195],"independent":[198],"score.":[203],"calculated":[205],"(vPTT)":[208],"compared":[210],"between":[211,246],"levels":[214],"lightings":[216],"result":[219],"In":[224],"darker":[225,279,283],"conditions,":[227,289],"vPTT":[229],"increased.":[230],"Pulse":[231],"arrival":[232],"measured":[234],"(PAT-PPG)":[237],"calculated,":[239],"found":[245],"ratio":[248,274],"vPTT/PAT-PPG":[250],"score":[254,293],"lightings.":[258],"this":[260],"dependency":[261],"decreases":[262],"intensity.":[266],"These":[267],"results":[268],"suggest":[269],"that":[270],"vPTT/PAT":[276],"increase":[277],"skins":[280],"backgrounds.":[284],"is":[294],"not":[295],"confounder":[297],"accuracy.":[300]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-26T08:34:08.712188","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}