{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3082022351","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc44109.2020.9176726","title":"Heartbeat Detection and Rate Estimation from Ballistocardiograms using the Gated Recurrent Unit Network","display_name":"Heartbeat Detection and Rate Estimation from Ballistocardiograms using the Gated Recurrent Unit Network","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3082022351","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc44109.2020.9176726","mag":"3082022351","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33018025"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc44109.2020.9176726","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc44109.2020.9176726","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 42nd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5071153790","display_name":"Dong Hai","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0055-8955"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dong Hai","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of Ministry of Education of China, Xidian University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of Ministry of Education of China, Xidian University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100408402","display_name":"Chao Chen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2437-4923"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Chao Chen","raw_affiliation_strings":["IBM Research"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IBM Research","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013796484","display_name":"Ruhan Yi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6099-6650"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76835614","display_name":"University of Missouri","ror":"https://ror.org/02ymw8z06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ruhan Yi","raw_affiliation_strings":["EECS Dept., University of Missouri"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"EECS Dept., University of Missouri","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017247607","display_name":"Shuiping Gou","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2619-6481"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shuiping Gou","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of Ministry of Education of China, Xidian University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of Ministry of Education of China, Xidian University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077902418","display_name":"Bo-Yu Su","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7457-9241"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1283280774","display_name":"Brigham and Women's Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/04b6nzv94","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1283280774","https://openalex.org/I48633490"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bo Yu Su","raw_affiliation_strings":["Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women Hospital"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Harvard Medical School, Brigham and Women Hospital","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1283280774"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040622906","display_name":"Changzhe Jiao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1392-8348"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I149594827","display_name":"Xidian University","ror":"https://ror.org/05s92vm98","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Changzhe Jiao","raw_affiliation_strings":["Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of Ministry of Education of China, Xidian University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Key Laboratory of Intelligent Perception and Image Understanding of Ministry of Education of China, Xidian University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I149594827"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013470616","display_name":"Marjorie Skubic","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3801-7639"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I76835614","display_name":"University of Missouri","ror":"https://ror.org/02ymw8z06","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Marjorie Skubic","raw_affiliation_strings":["EECS Dept., University of Missouri"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"EECS Dept., University of Missouri","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I76835614"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"2020","issue":null,"first_page":"451","last_page":"454"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11021","display_name":"ECG Monitoring and Analysis","score":0.9983999729156494,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10924","display_name":"Cardiovascular Health and Disease Prevention","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heartbeat","display_name":"Heartbeat","score":0.9619643092155457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7349364757537842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6719237565994263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.6510246992111206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6324641704559326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/waveform","display_name":"Waveform","score":0.5523647665977478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.472267746925354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.46415504813194275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recurrent-neural-network","display_name":"Recurrent neural network","score":0.4483378231525421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.4481097459793091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.3726385235786438}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13852961","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17021880","display_name":"Heartbeat","level":2,"score":0.9619643092155457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7349364757537842},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6719237565994263},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.6510246992111206},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6324641704559326},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C197424946","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1165717","display_name":"Waveform","level":3,"score":0.5523647665977478},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.472267746925354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.46415504813194275},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147168706","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1457734","display_name":"Recurrent neural network","level":3,"score":0.4483378231525421},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.4481097459793091},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.3726385235786438},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C38652104","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3510521","display_name":"Computer security","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C554190296","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q47528","display_name":"Radar","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001450","descriptor_name":"Ballistocardiography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001450","descriptor_name":"Ballistocardiography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001450","descriptor_name":"Ballistocardiography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003625","descriptor_name":"Data Collection","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003625","descriptor_name":"Data Collection","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003625","descriptor_name":"Data Collection","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006339","descriptor_name":"Heart Rate","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006339","descriptor_name":"Heart Rate","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006339","descriptor_name":"Heart Rate","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc44109.2020.9176726","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc44109.2020.9176726","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 42nd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmid:33018025","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33018025","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W106785357","https://openalex.org/W1847088711","https://openalex.org/W1965209043","https://openalex.org/W2023222401","https://openalex.org/W2045576203","https://openalex.org/W2066198076","https://openalex.org/W2144499799","https://openalex.org/W2160792674","https://openalex.org/W2164049001","https://openalex.org/W2230041813","https://openalex.org/W2590791660","https://openalex.org/W2779850592","https://openalex.org/W2913705661","https://openalex.org/W2944252017","https://openalex.org/W2962778826","https://openalex.org/W2980269067","https://openalex.org/W4212936535","https://openalex.org/W6638824847","https://openalex.org/W6641458235"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4385543909","https://openalex.org/W3039320222","https://openalex.org/W3199640442","https://openalex.org/W1898280036","https://openalex.org/W2044754775","https://openalex.org/W2382278803","https://openalex.org/W2113096447","https://openalex.org/W2803040299","https://openalex.org/W2376695684","https://openalex.org/W2960036511"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Inspired":[0],"by":[1],"the":[2,23,32,47,58,79,85,99,103],"application":[3],"of":[4,49,71,78,84],"recurrent":[5],"neural":[6],"networks":[7],"(RNNs)":[8],"to":[9,110],"image":[10],"recognition,":[11],"in":[12,69],"this":[13,30],"paper,":[14],"we":[15],"propose":[16],"a":[17,43],"heartbeat":[18,33,86],"detection":[19,34],"framework":[20,66],"based":[21],"on":[22],"Gated":[24],"Recurrent":[25],"Unit":[26],"(GRU)":[27],"network.":[28],"In":[29,94],"contribution,":[31],"task":[35],"from":[36],"ballistocardiogram":[37],"(BCG)":[38],"signals":[39,51,74],"was":[40],"modeled":[41],"as":[42,54],"classification":[44],"problem":[45],"where":[46],"segments":[48],"BCG":[50,73,97],"were":[52],"formulated":[53],"images":[55],"fed":[56],"into":[57],"GRU":[59],"network":[60],"for":[61],"feature":[62],"extraction.":[63],"The":[64],"proposed":[65,100],"has":[67],"advantages":[68],"fusion":[70],"multi-channel":[72],"and":[75,81],"effective":[76],"extraction":[77],"temporal":[80],"waveform":[82],"characteristics":[83],"signal,":[87],"thereby":[88],"enhancing":[89],"heart":[90,105],"rate":[91,106],"estimation":[92,107],"accuracy.":[93],"laboratory":[95],"collected":[96],"data,":[98],"method":[101],"achieved":[102],"best":[104],"results":[108],"compared":[109],"previous":[111],"algorithms.":[112]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}