{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3082250113","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc44109.2020.9176076","title":"Lung Sound Classification Using Snapshot Ensemble of Convolutional Neural Networks","display_name":"Lung Sound Classification Using Snapshot Ensemble of Convolutional Neural Networks","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3082250113","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc44109.2020.9176076","mag":"3082250113","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33018097"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc44109.2020.9176076","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc44109.2020.9176076","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 42nd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100764742","display_name":"Truc Nguyen","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5234-4601"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4092182","display_name":"Graz University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00d7xrm67","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Truc Nguyen","raw_affiliation_strings":["Signal Processing and Speech Communication Lab, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria/Europe"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Signal Processing and Speech Communication Lab, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria/Europe","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015798259","display_name":"Franz Pernkopf","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6356-3367"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4092182","display_name":"Graz University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/00d7xrm67","country_code":"AT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]}],"countries":["AT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Franz Pernkopf","raw_affiliation_strings":["Signal Processing and Speech Communication Lab, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria/Europe"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Signal Processing and Speech Communication Lab, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria/Europe","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4092182"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":97,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"2020","issue":null,"first_page":"760","last_page":"763"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12419","display_name":"Phonocardiography and Auscultation Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12419","display_name":"Phonocardiography and Auscultation Techniques","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11309","display_name":"Music and Audio Processing","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12418","display_name":"Respiratory and Cough-Related Research","score":0.9908000230789185,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/crackles","display_name":"Crackles","score":0.8603328466415405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7214966416358948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/snapshot","display_name":"Snapshot (computer storage)","score":0.6966790556907654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.5993614792823792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.554290235042572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spectrogram","display_name":"Spectrogram","score":0.5364234447479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5266798734664917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.4883865714073181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.45479822158813477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4519559442996979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lung","display_name":"Lung","score":0.07640087604522705}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780908675","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q973331","display_name":"Crackles","level":3,"score":0.8603328466415405},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7214966416358948},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55282118","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q252683","display_name":"Snapshot (computer storage)","level":2,"score":0.6966790556907654},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.5993614792823792},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.554290235042572},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C45273575","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q578970","display_name":"Spectrogram","level":2,"score":0.5364234447479248},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5266798734664917},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.4883865714073181},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.45479822158813477},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4519559442996979},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777714996","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7886","display_name":"Lung","level":2,"score":0.07640087604522705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007858","descriptor_name":"Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007858","descriptor_name":"Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007858","descriptor_name":"Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012135","descriptor_name":"Respiratory Sounds","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012135","descriptor_name":"Respiratory Sounds","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012135","descriptor_name":"Respiratory Sounds","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc44109.2020.9176076","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc44109.2020.9176076","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 42nd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmid:33018097","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33018097","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1980453523","https://openalex.org/W1989590026","https://openalex.org/W2047469300","https://openalex.org/W2099621636","https://openalex.org/W2227571529","https://openalex.org/W2768465935","https://openalex.org/W2770896033","https://openalex.org/W2801920224","https://openalex.org/W2895590231","https://openalex.org/W2899245535","https://openalex.org/W2921177942","https://openalex.org/W2951696358","https://openalex.org/W2963351448","https://openalex.org/W2964439653","https://openalex.org/W2976001129","https://openalex.org/W6675409298","https://openalex.org/W6737496325"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2544395028","https://openalex.org/W2047002452","https://openalex.org/W3211121566","https://openalex.org/W2555276587","https://openalex.org/W3028321104","https://openalex.org/W2984902473","https://openalex.org/W4226493464","https://openalex.org/W3133861977","https://openalex.org/W2951211570","https://openalex.org/W3103566983"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"We":[0],"propose":[1],"a":[2,11,39,72],"robust":[3,20],"and":[4,105,114,137,140,142,146,151,154,156,159,178],"efficient":[5],"lung":[6],"sound":[7],"classification":[8],"system":[9,84,123],"using":[10,182],"snapshot":[12,77],"ensemble":[13,78],"of":[14,49,70,81,89,92,100,131,175,187],"convolutional":[15],"neural":[16],"networks":[17],"(CNNs).":[18],"A":[19],"CNN":[21,34],"architecture":[22,35],"is":[23,36,169],"used":[24],"to":[25,54,65],"extract":[26],"high-level":[27],"features":[28],"from":[29,63],"log":[30],"mel":[31],"spectrograms.":[32],"The":[33,166],"trained":[37],"on":[38,59,171],"cosine":[40],"cycle":[41,52,64,66],"learning":[42],"rate":[43],"schedule.":[44],"Capturing":[45],"the":[46,68,76,82,87,98,101,115,128,183],"best":[47],"model":[48],"each":[50],"training":[51,71,91,177],"allows":[53],"obtain":[55],"multiple":[56],"models":[57],"settled":[58],"various":[60],"local":[61],"optima":[62],"at":[67],"cost":[69],"single":[73],"mode.":[74],"Therefore,":[75],"boosts":[79],"performance":[80],"proposed":[83],"while":[85],"keeping":[86],"drawback":[88],"expensive":[90],"ensembles":[93],"moderate.":[94],"To":[95],"deal":[96],"with":[97],"class-imbalance":[99],"dataset,":[102],"temporal":[103],"stretching":[104],"vocal":[106],"tract":[107],"length":[108],"perturbation":[109],"(VTLP)":[110],"for":[111,127],"data":[112,181],"augmentation":[113],"focal":[116],"loss":[117],"objective":[118],"are":[119],"used.":[120],"Empirically,":[121],"our":[122],"outperforms":[124],"state-of-the-art":[125],"systems":[126],"prediction":[129],"task":[130],"four":[132],"classes":[133,144],"(normal,":[134],"crackles,":[135,149],"wheezes,":[136,150],"both":[138,152],"crackles":[139,153],"wheezes)":[141],"two":[143],"(normal":[145],"abnormal":[147],"(i.e.":[148],"wheezes))":[155],"achieves":[157],"78.4%":[158],"83.7%":[160],"ICBHI":[161,184],"specific":[162],"micro-averaged":[163],"accuracy,":[164],"respectively.":[165],"average":[167],"accuracy":[168],"repeated":[170],"ten":[172],"random":[173],"splittings":[174],"80%":[176],"20%":[179],"testing":[180],"2017":[185],"dataset":[186],"respiratory":[188],"cycles.":[189]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":15},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":25},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":21},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":12}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2020-09-08T00:00:00"}