{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3082444359","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc44109.2020.9176005","title":"Hydrophilic Conductive Sponge Sensors for Fast Setup, Low Impedance Bio-potential Measurements","display_name":"Hydrophilic Conductive Sponge Sensors for Fast Setup, Low Impedance Bio-potential Measurements","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3082444359","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc44109.2020.9176005","mag":"3082444359","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33018870"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc44109.2020.9176005","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc44109.2020.9176005","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 42nd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine &amp; Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1798414","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054294211","display_name":"Ashwati Krishnan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9229-1639"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ashwati Krishnan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052268277","display_name":"Kalee Rozylowicz","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kalee Rozylowicz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068916077","display_name":"Shawn Kelly","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3533-5268"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Shawn K. Kelly","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5054746425","display_name":"Pulkit Grover","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7651-7776"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74973139","display_name":"Carnegie Mellon University","ror":"https://ror.org/05x2bcf33","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pulkit Grover","raw_affiliation_strings":["Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Carnegie Mellon University, Pittsburgh, PA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5054294211"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74973139"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0868,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":2,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.39949475,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"2020","issue":null,"first_page":"3973","last_page":"3976"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10338","display_name":"Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10338","display_name":"Advanced Sensor and Energy Harvesting Materials","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10660","display_name":"Conducting polymers and applications","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2507","display_name":"Polymers and Plastics"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/25","display_name":"Materials Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrode","display_name":"Electrode","score":0.7533372640609741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-conductor","display_name":"Electrical conductor","score":0.7357319593429565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.7268487811088562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-impedance","display_name":"Electrical impedance","score":0.5727565884590149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lamination","display_name":"Lamination","score":0.5384864807128906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carbon-nanofiber","display_name":"Carbon nanofiber","score":0.5127785801887512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optoelectronics","display_name":"Optoelectronics","score":0.4741976857185364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sponge","display_name":"Sponge","score":0.4497312903404236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/composite-material","display_name":"Composite material","score":0.43446552753448486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nanofiber","display_name":"Nanofiber","score":0.43238940834999084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nanotechnology","display_name":"Nanotechnology","score":0.432054728269577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrolyte","display_name":"Electrolyte","score":0.41049709916114807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/carbon-nanotube","display_name":"Carbon nanotube","score":0.3379966616630554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-engineering","display_name":"Electrical engineering","score":0.17540991306304932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry","display_name":"Chemistry","score":0.12332889437675476}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17525397","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q176140","display_name":"Electrode","level":2,"score":0.7533372640609741},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C202374169","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q124291","display_name":"Electrical conductor","level":2,"score":0.7357319593429565},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.7268487811088562},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17829176","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179043","display_name":"Electrical impedance","level":2,"score":0.5727565884590149},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777557983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q384943","display_name":"Lamination","level":3,"score":0.5384864807128906},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177367955","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4468924","display_name":"Carbon nanofiber","level":3,"score":0.5127785801887512},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49040817","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193091","display_name":"Optoelectronics","level":1,"score":0.4741976857185364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778849931","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18960","display_name":"Sponge","level":2,"score":0.4497312903404236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159985019","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q181790","display_name":"Composite material","level":1,"score":0.43446552753448486},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C91129048","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q594196","display_name":"Nanofiber","level":2,"score":0.43238940834999084},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.432054728269577},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C68801617","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162908","display_name":"Electrolyte","level":3,"score":0.41049709916114807},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C513720949","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1778729","display_name":"Carbon nanotube","level":2,"score":0.3379966616630554},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119599485","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43035","display_name":"Electrical engineering","level":1,"score":0.17540991306304932},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.12332889437675476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779227376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6505497","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147789679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11372","display_name":"Physical chemistry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59822182","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q441","display_name":"Botany","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D004553","descriptor_name":"Electric Conductivity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004553","descriptor_name":"Electric Conductivity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004553","descriptor_name":"Electric Conductivity","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004566","descriptor_name":"Electrodes","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004566","descriptor_name":"Electrodes","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004566","descriptor_name":"Electrodes","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004867","descriptor_name":"Equipment Design","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004867","descriptor_name":"Equipment Design","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004867","descriptor_name":"Equipment Design","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017097","descriptor_name":"Electric Impedance","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017097","descriptor_name":"Electric Impedance","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017097","descriptor_name":"Electric Impedance","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc44109.2020.9176005","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc44109.2020.9176005","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 42nd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine &amp; Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmid:33018870","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33018870","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:osti.gov:1798414","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1798414","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:osti.gov:1798414","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://www.osti.gov/biblio/1798414","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402487","display_name":"OSTI OAI (U.S. Department of Energy Office of Scientific and Technical Information)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I139351228","host_organization_name":"Office of Scientific and Technical Information","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139351228"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":null},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1887172465","https://openalex.org/W1993030074","https://openalex.org/W2086632856","https://openalex.org/W2103653854","https://openalex.org/W2156826863","https://openalex.org/W2411778502","https://openalex.org/W2498975829","https://openalex.org/W2562954306","https://openalex.org/W2565991886","https://openalex.org/W2633605822","https://openalex.org/W2888961647","https://openalex.org/W2899396962","https://openalex.org/W2993515491","https://openalex.org/W4253703167","https://openalex.org/W6753770672"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2015854251","https://openalex.org/W2122538981","https://openalex.org/W2021188643","https://openalex.org/W614364637","https://openalex.org/W2371481625","https://openalex.org/W4308250236","https://openalex.org/W4377232793","https://openalex.org/W2390707936","https://openalex.org/W2608427508","https://openalex.org/W2373824078"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Low":[0],"electrode-skin":[1,105],"impedance":[2,106,146,160],"can":[3],"be":[4],"achieved":[5],"if":[6],"the":[7,15,20,27,30,84,126,130,135,148],"interface":[8,41],"has":[9],"an":[10,50],"electrolytic":[11],"medium":[12],"that":[13,42,74,91],"allows":[14],"movement":[16],"of":[17,26,45,83,107,150,161],"ions":[18],"across":[19],"interface.":[21],"Maintaining":[22],"good":[23],"physical":[24,52],"contact":[25],"sensor":[28],"with":[29,62,86,102,143],"skin":[31,145],"is":[32,155],"imperative.":[33],"We":[34],"propose":[35],"a":[36,57,70,99,103,144],"novel":[37],"hydrophilic":[38,58],"conductive":[39,63,119,142],"sponge":[40,72],"encapsulates":[43],"both":[44,174],"these":[46],"fundamental":[47],"concepts":[48],"into":[49],"effective":[51,132],"realization.":[53],"Our":[54,88],"implementation":[55],"uses":[56],"polyurethane":[59],"prepolymer":[60],"doped":[61],"carbon":[64,127],"nanofibers":[65,128],"and":[66,164,176],"cured":[67],"to":[68,76,96,167],"form":[69],"flexible":[71],"material":[73],"conforms":[75],"uneven":[77],"surfaces,":[78],"for":[79,110],"instance,":[80],"on":[81,147],"parts":[82],"scalp":[85],"hair.":[87],"results":[89],"show":[90],"our":[92,118],"sponges":[93,120],"are":[94,165],"able":[95,166],"stay":[97],"in":[98,117,123,173],"hydrated":[100],"state":[101],"low":[104],"around":[108],"5k\u03a9":[109],"more":[111],"than":[112,158],"20":[113],"hours.":[114],"The":[115,139],"novelty":[116],"also":[121],"lies":[122],"their":[124],"versatility:":[125],"make":[129],"electrode":[131,136],"even":[133],"when":[134,152],"dries":[137],"up.":[138],"sensors":[140],"remain":[141],"order":[149],"20k\u03a9":[151],"dry,":[153],"which":[154],"substantially":[156],"lower":[157],"typical":[159],"dry":[162,177],"electrodes,":[163],"extract":[168],"alpha":[169],"wave":[170],"EEG":[171],"activity":[172],"wet":[175],"conditions.":[178]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-20T23:20:44.827607","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
