{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3082031620","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc44109.2020.9175343","title":"Predicting Early Stage Drug Induced Parkinsonism using Unsupervised and Supervised Machine Learning","display_name":"Predicting Early Stage Drug Induced Parkinsonism using Unsupervised and Supervised Machine Learning","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3082031620","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc44109.2020.9175343","mag":"3082031620","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33018101"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc44109.2020.9175343","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc44109.2020.9175343","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 42nd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/conference_contribution/Predicting_Early_Stage_Drug_Induced_Parkinsonism_using_Unsupervised_and_Supervised_Machine_Learning_/24431425","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102874534","display_name":"Parvathy G. Nair","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9933-1277"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162827531","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Bombay","ror":"https://ror.org/02qyf5152","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162827531"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2802772015","display_name":"IITB-Monash Research Academy","ror":"https://ror.org/02r3nf527","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162827531","https://openalex.org/I2802772015","https://openalex.org/I56590836"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Parvathy Nair","raw_affiliation_strings":["IITB-Monash Research Academy and IIT Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IITB-Monash Research Academy and IIT Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2802772015","https://openalex.org/I162827531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011541165","display_name":"Roth Trisno","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5355-1637"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56590836","display_name":"Monash University","ror":"https://ror.org/02bfwt286","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56590836"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Roth Trisno","raw_affiliation_strings":["Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56590836"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029767607","display_name":"Maryam Shojaei Baghini","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6568-3736"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162827531","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Bombay","ror":"https://ror.org/02qyf5152","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162827531"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maryam Shojaei Baghini","raw_affiliation_strings":["IIT Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"IIT Bombay, Mumbai, Maharashtra, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162827531"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004696577","display_name":"Gita Pendharkar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5218-4433"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56590836","display_name":"Monash University","ror":"https://ror.org/02bfwt286","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56590836"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gita Pendharkar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56590836"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059288810","display_name":"Hoam Chung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7044-3729"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I56590836","display_name":"Monash University","ror":"https://ror.org/02bfwt286","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I56590836"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hoam Chung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Monash University, Clayton, VIC, Australia","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I56590836"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":8,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"40","issue":null,"first_page":"776","last_page":"779"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10085","display_name":"Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10085","display_name":"Parkinson's Disease Mechanisms and Treatments","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11274","display_name":"Botulinum Toxin and Related Neurological Disorders","score":0.9954000115394592,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10919","display_name":"Neurological disorders and treatments","score":0.9919000267982483,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parkinsonism","display_name":"Parkinsonism","score":0.7511028051376343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/logistic-regression","display_name":"Logistic regression","score":0.6522528529167175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.5008995532989502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/disease","display_name":"Disease","score":0.4821831285953522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intermittency","display_name":"Intermittency","score":0.47567978501319885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/parkinsons-disease","display_name":"Parkinson's disease","score":0.46132320165634155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.45921823382377625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/accelerometer","display_name":"Accelerometer","score":0.4232761859893799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.4165022671222687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-medicine-and-rehabilitation","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","score":0.358122855424881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.3484431207180023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-medicine","display_name":"Internal medicine","score":0.13763847947120667}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776525014","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1531991","display_name":"Parkinsonism","level":3,"score":0.7511028051376343},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151956035","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1132755","display_name":"Logistic regression","level":2,"score":0.6522528529167175},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.5008995532989502},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779134260","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12136","display_name":"Disease","level":2,"score":0.4821831285953522},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780388094","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1666248","display_name":"Intermittency","level":3,"score":0.47567978501319885},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779734285","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11085","display_name":"Parkinson's disease","level":3,"score":0.46132320165634155},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.45921823382377625},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89805583","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192940","display_name":"Accelerometer","level":2,"score":0.4232761859893799},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.4165022671222687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99508421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2678675","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","level":1,"score":0.358122855424881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.3484431207180023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.13763847947120667},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C97355855","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11473","display_name":"Thermodynamics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C196558001","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q190132","display_name":"Turbulence","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069553","descriptor_name":"Supervised Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069553","descriptor_name":"Supervised Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069553","descriptor_name":"Supervised Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010302","descriptor_name":"Parkinson Disease, Secondary","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010302","descriptor_name":"Parkinson Disease, Secondary","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010302","descriptor_name":"Parkinson Disease, Secondary","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014202","descriptor_name":"Tremor","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014202","descriptor_name":"Tremor","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014202","descriptor_name":"Tremor","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016015","descriptor_name":"Logistic Models","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016015","descriptor_name":"Logistic Models","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016015","descriptor_name":"Logistic Models","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc44109.2020.9175343","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc44109.2020.9175343","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 42nd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmid:33018101","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33018101","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/24431425","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/conference_contribution/Predicting_Early_Stage_Drug_Induced_Parkinsonism_using_Unsupervised_and_Supervised_Machine_Learning_/24431425","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Conference contribution"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:figshare.com:article/24431425","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://figshare.com/articles/conference_contribution/Predicting_Early_Stage_Drug_Induced_Parkinsonism_using_Unsupervised_and_Supervised_Machine_Learning_/24431425","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4377196282","display_name":"Figshare","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210132348","host_organization_name":"Figshare (United Kingdom)","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210132348"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"cc-by","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/cc-by","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":null,"raw_type":"Conference contribution"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Good health and well-being","score":0.8399999737739563,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1048390352","https://openalex.org/W2014708548","https://openalex.org/W2097747115","https://openalex.org/W2110767684","https://openalex.org/W2124411683","https://openalex.org/W2135619307","https://openalex.org/W2163205616","https://openalex.org/W2516815969","https://openalex.org/W2793393908","https://openalex.org/W2885930233","https://openalex.org/W2979928260","https://openalex.org/W3007671317","https://openalex.org/W6753516975"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2564644595","https://openalex.org/W1589804082","https://openalex.org/W1566002589","https://openalex.org/W2042838258","https://openalex.org/W2075007075","https://openalex.org/W2783018065","https://openalex.org/W1525560163","https://openalex.org/W4387214903","https://openalex.org/W4237883097","https://openalex.org/W1942166399"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Drug":[0],"Induced":[1],"Parkinsonism":[2],"(DIP)":[3],"is":[4,15,52,77,120,130],"the":[5,25,28,31,36,44,49,92,97,104,110,114,117,123,139,148,151],"most":[6],"common,":[7],"debilitating":[8],"movement":[9],"disorder":[10],"induced":[11],"by":[12],"antipsychotics.":[13],"There":[14],"no":[16],"tool":[17],"available":[18],"in":[19,38,99],"clinical":[20],"practice":[21],"to":[22,43,58,64,95,106,146],"effectively":[23],"diagnose":[24,147],"symptoms":[26],"at":[27,48,109,150],"onset":[29,152],"of":[30,46,126,138,153,158],"disease.":[32],"In":[33],"this":[34],"study,":[35],"variations":[37,55],"gait":[39,100],"accelerometer":[40],"data":[41,101],"due":[42],"intermittency":[45],"tremor":[47],"initial":[50],"stages":[51],"examined.":[53],"These":[54],"are":[56],"used":[57,94],"train":[59],"a":[60,75,78,127],"logistic":[61,71],"regression":[62],"model":[63,143],"predict":[65,107],"subjects":[66],"with":[67,82,135,155],"early-stage":[68],"DIP.":[69],"The":[70,141],"classifier":[72,105],"predicts":[73],"if":[74],"subject":[76],"DIP":[79,108],"or":[80],"control":[81],"approximately":[83],"89%":[84],"sensitivity":[85],"and":[86,116],"96%":[87],"specificity.":[88],"This":[89],"paper":[90],"discusses":[91],"algorithm":[93],"extract":[96],"features":[98],"for":[102],"training":[103],"earliest.Clinical":[111],"Relevance-":[112],"Diagnosing":[113],"disease":[115,149],"causative":[118],"drug":[119],"vital":[121],"as":[122],"physical":[124],"health":[125],"patient":[128],"who":[129],"mentally":[131],"unstable":[132],"can":[133],"deteriorate":[134],"prolonged":[136],"usage":[137],"drug.":[140],"proposed":[142],"helps":[144],"clinicians":[145],"tremors":[154],"an":[156],"accuracy":[157],"93.58%.":[159]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}