{"id":"https://openalex.org/W3081692026","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc44109.2020.9175275","title":"\u2018Write\u2019 but not \u2018spell\u2019 Chinese characters with a BCI-controlled robot","display_name":"\u2018Write\u2019 but not \u2018spell\u2019 Chinese characters with a BCI-controlled robot","publication_year":2020,"publication_date":"2020-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W3081692026","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc44109.2020.9175275","mag":"3081692026","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33019050"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc44109.2020.9175275","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc44109.2020.9175275","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 42nd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5049143293","display_name":"Jin Han","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6912-1738"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Jin Han","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tianjin University,College of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering,Tianjin,China,300072"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tianjin University,College of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering,Tianjin,China,300072","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5082279530","display_name":"Minpeng Xu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6746-4828"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Minpeng Xu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tianjin University,College of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering,Tianjin,China,300072"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tianjin University,College of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering,Tianjin,China,300072","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100713695","display_name":"Yijun Wang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8161-2150"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I19820366","display_name":"Chinese Academy of Sciences","ror":"https://ror.org/034t30j35","country_code":"CN","type":"government","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I19820366"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210091786","display_name":"State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics","ror":"https://ror.org/00g102351","country_code":"CN","type":"facility","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I194450716","https://openalex.org/I19820366","https://openalex.org/I4210091786","https://openalex.org/I4210149211","https://openalex.org/I99065089"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yijun Wang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chinese Academy of Sciences,The State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics,Beijing,China,100083"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chinese Academy of Sciences,The State Key Laboratory on Integrated Optoelectronics,Beijing,China,100083","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210091786","https://openalex.org/I19820366"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015343506","display_name":"Jiabei Tang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4439-1328"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jiabei Tang","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tianjin University,College of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering,Tianjin,China,300072"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tianjin University,College of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering,Tianjin,China,300072","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100348904","display_name":"Miao Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6650-9972"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Miao Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tianjin University,College of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering,Tianjin,China,300072"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tianjin University,College of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering,Tianjin,China,300072","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013041561","display_name":"Xingwei An","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5417-508X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Xingwei An","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tianjin University,College of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering,Tianjin,China,300072"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tianjin University,College of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering,Tianjin,China,300072","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5055443847","display_name":"Tzyy\u2010Ping Jung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8377-2166"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tzyy-Ping Jung","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tianjin University,College of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering,Tianjin,China,300072"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tianjin University,College of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering,Tianjin,China,300072","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":null,"display_name":"Dong Ming","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I162868743","display_name":"Tianjin University","ror":"https://ror.org/012tb2g32","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dong Ming","raw_affiliation_strings":["Tianjin University,College of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering,Tianjin,China,300072"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Tianjin University,College of Precision Instruments and Optoelectronics Engineering,Tianjin,China,300072","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":8,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5049143293"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I162868743"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.2157,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.79680323,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"2020","issue":null,"first_page":"4741","last_page":"4744"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9950000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11707","display_name":"Gaze Tracking and Assistive Technology","score":0.9950000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9947999715805054,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13382","display_name":"Robotics and Automated Systems","score":0.9843000173568726,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2207","display_name":"Control and Systems Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/spell","display_name":"Spell","score":0.8794331550598145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brain\u2013computer-interface","display_name":"Brain\u2013computer interface","score":0.820539116859436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6810665130615234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/robot","display_name":"Robot","score":0.5711483955383301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.3946820795536041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.3660331964492798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.32864871621131897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.1697312593460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.09688353538513184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electroencephalography","display_name":"Electroencephalography","score":0.09312307834625244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sociology","display_name":"Sociology","score":0.053975045680999756}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780957641","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1999796","display_name":"Spell","level":2,"score":0.8794331550598145},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173201364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q897410","display_name":"Brain\u2013computer interface","level":3,"score":0.820539116859436},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6810665130615234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C90509273","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11012","display_name":"Robot","level":2,"score":0.5711483955383301},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.3946820795536041},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.3660331964492798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.32864871621131897},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.1697312593460083},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.09688353538513184},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522805319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965","display_name":"Electroencephalography","level":2,"score":0.09312307834625244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.053975045680999756},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012371","descriptor_name":"Robotics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012371","descriptor_name":"Robotics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012371","descriptor_name":"Robotics","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014956","descriptor_name":"Writing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014956","descriptor_name":"Writing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014956","descriptor_name":"Writing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D062207","descriptor_name":"Brain-Computer Interfaces","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D062207","descriptor_name":"Brain-Computer Interfaces","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D062207","descriptor_name":"Brain-Computer Interfaces","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc44109.2020.9175275","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc44109.2020.9175275","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2020 42nd Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmid:33019050","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33019050","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.8500000238418579}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":15,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2018922293","https://openalex.org/W2041998778","https://openalex.org/W2120149678","https://openalex.org/W2123750275","https://openalex.org/W2145302786","https://openalex.org/W2409078106","https://openalex.org/W2470042054","https://openalex.org/W2553904372","https://openalex.org/W2590611054","https://openalex.org/W2605492512","https://openalex.org/W2792687613","https://openalex.org/W2991183506","https://openalex.org/W2996605177","https://openalex.org/W3010506751","https://openalex.org/W3017642177"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4287256643","https://openalex.org/W2745258745","https://openalex.org/W3202969339","https://openalex.org/W4237513258","https://openalex.org/W4296626305","https://openalex.org/W4254978807","https://openalex.org/W4287269020","https://openalex.org/W4307454463","https://openalex.org/W4287201819","https://openalex.org/W2044053727"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Visual":[0],"brain-computer":[1],"interface":[2],"(BCI)":[3],"systems":[4],"have":[5],"made":[6],"tremendous":[7],"process":[8],"in":[9,19,28,36,74,130,154],"recent":[10],"years.":[11],"It":[12],"has":[13],"been":[14],"demonstrated":[15,213],"to":[16,46,49,84,98,146,233],"perform":[17],"well":[18],"spelling":[20,25],"words.":[21],"However,":[22],"different":[23],"from":[24],"English":[26,230],"words":[27],"one-dimension":[29],"sequences,":[30],"Chinese":[31,54,65,96,114,189,225],"characters":[32,97],"are":[33],"often":[34],"written":[35],"a":[37,75,165,188],"two-dimensional":[38],"structure.":[39],"Previous":[40],"studies":[41],"had":[42],"never":[43],"investigated":[44],"how":[45],"use":[47],"BCI":[48,68],"'write'":[50],"but":[51],"not":[52],"'spell'":[53],"characters.":[55,66],"This":[56],"study":[57,156,211],"developed":[58],"an":[59,159],"innovative":[60],"BCI-controlled":[61,183,217],"robot":[62,218],"for":[63,107,198,221,236],"writing":[64,80,222],"The":[67,116,140,170,182,202,210],"system":[69],"contained":[70],"108":[71],"commands":[72],"displayed":[73],"9*12":[76],"array.":[77,100],"A":[78],"pixel-based":[79],"method":[81],"was":[82,120,144,175],"proposed":[83,216],"map":[85],"the":[86,99,102,123,148,199,215],"starting":[87,103],"point":[88,91],"and":[89,104,126,157,164,178,227],"ending":[90,105],"of":[92,95,137,162,168,239],"each":[93,108,132],"stroke":[94,109],"Connecting":[101],"points":[106],"can":[110,205],"make":[111],"up":[112],"any":[113],"character.":[115],"large":[117],"command":[118],"set":[119],"encoded":[121],"by":[122],"hybrid":[124],"P300":[125],"SSVEP":[127],"features":[128],"efficiently,":[129],"which":[131],"output":[133],"needed":[134],"only":[135],"1s":[136],"EEG":[138],"data.":[139],"task-related":[141],"component":[142],"analysis":[143],"used":[145],"decode":[147],"combined":[149],"features.":[150],"Five":[151],"subjects":[152],"participated":[153],"this":[155],"achieved":[158],"average":[160],"accuracy":[161,167],"87.23%":[163],"maximal":[166],"100%.":[169],"corresponding":[171],"information":[172],"transfer":[173],"rate":[174],"56.85":[176],"bits/min":[177],"71.10":[179],"bits/min,":[180],"respectively.":[181],"robotic":[184],"arm":[185],"could":[186],"write":[187],"character":[190],"''":[191],"with":[192],"16":[193],"strokes":[194],"within":[195],"5.7":[196],"seconds":[197],"best":[200],"subject.":[201],"demo":[203],"video":[204],"be":[206],"found":[207],"at":[208],"https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=A1w-e2dBGl0.":[209],"results":[212],"that":[214],"is":[219],"efficient":[220],"ideogram":[223],"(e.g.":[224,229],"characters)":[226],"phonogram":[228],"letter),":[231],"leading":[232],"broad":[234],"prospects":[235],"real-world":[237],"applications":[238],"BCIs.":[240]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-21T08:09:41.155169","created_date":"2020-09-08T00:00:00"}