{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4389577248","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc40787.2023.10340648","title":"Tissue Classification During Needle Insertion Using Self-Supervised Contrastive Learning and Optical Coherence Tomography","display_name":"Tissue Classification During Needle Insertion Using Self-Supervised Contrastive Learning and Optical Coherence Tomography","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-07-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4389577248","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc40787.2023.10340648","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38082740"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc40787.2023.10340648","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/embc40787.2023.10340648","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 45th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5025653739","display_name":"Debayan Bhattacharya","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0008-1519-2830"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159176309","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Hamburg","ror":"https://ror.org/00g30e956","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159176309"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108711","display_name":"University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf","ror":"https://ror.org/01zgy1s35","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159176309","https://openalex.org/I4210108711"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I884043246","display_name":"Hamburg University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04bs1pb34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I884043246"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Debayan Bhattacharya","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hamburg University of Technology,Institute of Medical Technology and Intelligent Systems,Hamburg,Germany","Clinic for Ears, Nose and Throat, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany","Institute of Medical Technology and Intelligent Systems, Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hamburg University of Technology,Institute of Medical Technology and Intelligent Systems,Hamburg,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159176309","https://openalex.org/I884043246"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Clinic for Ears, Nose and Throat, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159176309","https://openalex.org/I4210108711"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Medical Technology and Intelligent Systems, Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159176309","https://openalex.org/I884043246"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063951122","display_name":"Sarah Latus","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9796-7001"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159176309","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Hamburg","ror":"https://ror.org/00g30e956","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159176309"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I884043246","display_name":"Hamburg University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04bs1pb34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I884043246"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sarah Latus","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hamburg University of Technology,Institute of Medical Technology and Intelligent Systems,Hamburg,Germany","Institute of Medical Technology and Intelligent Systems, Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hamburg University of Technology,Institute of Medical Technology and Intelligent Systems,Hamburg,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159176309","https://openalex.org/I884043246"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Medical Technology and Intelligent Systems, Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159176309","https://openalex.org/I884043246"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083173883","display_name":"Finn Behrendt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7191-6508"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159176309","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Hamburg","ror":"https://ror.org/00g30e956","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159176309"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I884043246","display_name":"Hamburg University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04bs1pb34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I884043246"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Finn Behrendt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hamburg University of Technology,Institute of Medical Technology and Intelligent Systems,Hamburg,Germany","Institute of Medical Technology and Intelligent Systems, Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hamburg University of Technology,Institute of Medical Technology and Intelligent Systems,Hamburg,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159176309","https://openalex.org/I884043246"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Medical Technology and Intelligent Systems, Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159176309","https://openalex.org/I884043246"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5056283127","display_name":"Florin Thimm","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159176309","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Hamburg","ror":"https://ror.org/00g30e956","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159176309"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I884043246","display_name":"Hamburg University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04bs1pb34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I884043246"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Florin Thimm","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hamburg University of Technology,Institute of Medical Technology and Intelligent Systems,Hamburg,Germany","Institute of Medical Technology and Intelligent Systems, Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hamburg University of Technology,Institute of Medical Technology and Intelligent Systems,Hamburg,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159176309","https://openalex.org/I884043246"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Medical Technology and Intelligent Systems, Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159176309","https://openalex.org/I884043246"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043962171","display_name":"Dennis Eggert","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6464-9373"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159176309","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Hamburg","ror":"https://ror.org/00g30e956","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159176309"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108711","display_name":"University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf","ror":"https://ror.org/01zgy1s35","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159176309","https://openalex.org/I4210108711"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dennis Eggert","raw_affiliation_strings":["University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf,Clinic for Ears, Nose and Throat,Hamburg,Germany","Clinic for Ears, Nose and Throat, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf,Clinic for Ears, Nose and Throat,Hamburg,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159176309","https://openalex.org/I4210108711"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Clinic for Ears, Nose and Throat, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159176309","https://openalex.org/I4210108711"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015522685","display_name":"Christian Betz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3188-1026"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159176309","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Hamburg","ror":"https://ror.org/00g30e956","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159176309"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210108711","display_name":"University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf","ror":"https://ror.org/01zgy1s35","country_code":"DE","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159176309","https://openalex.org/I4210108711"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christian Betz","raw_affiliation_strings":["University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf,Clinic for Ears, Nose and Throat,Hamburg,Germany","Clinic for Ears, Nose and Throat, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf,Clinic for Ears, Nose and Throat,Hamburg,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159176309","https://openalex.org/I4210108711"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Clinic for Ears, Nose and Throat, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159176309","https://openalex.org/I4210108711"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5087348362","display_name":"Alexander Schlaefer","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9201-8854"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I159176309","display_name":"Universit\u00e4t Hamburg","ror":"https://ror.org/00g30e956","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I159176309"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I884043246","display_name":"Hamburg University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/04bs1pb34","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I884043246"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Alexander Schlaefer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Hamburg University of Technology,Institute of Medical Technology and Intelligent Systems,Hamburg,Germany","Institute of Medical Technology and Intelligent Systems, Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Hamburg University of Technology,Institute of Medical Technology and Intelligent Systems,Hamburg,Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159176309","https://openalex.org/I884043246"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute of Medical Technology and Intelligent Systems, Hamburg University of Technology, Hamburg, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I159176309","https://openalex.org/I884043246"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.1643285,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"abs/1807.03748","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"4"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11569","display_name":"Optical Coherence Tomography Applications","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11569","display_name":"Optical Coherence Tomography Applications","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12015","display_name":"Photoacoustic and Ultrasonic Imaging","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13114","display_name":"Image Processing Techniques and Applications","score":0.9797000288963318,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2214","display_name":"Media Technology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optical-coherence-tomography","display_name":"Optical coherence tomography","score":0.7600274682044983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7125553488731384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6750237941741943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5383847951889038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5236287117004395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/process","display_name":"Process (computing)","score":0.4748977720737457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/training-set","display_name":"Training set","score":0.4580484926700592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.440306156873703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coherence","display_name":"Coherence (philosophical gambling strategy)","score":0.4152306616306305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/visualization","display_name":"Visualization","score":0.41104739904403687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.3597981035709381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiology","display_name":"Radiology","score":0.2008405327796936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.14849123358726501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.10899513959884644}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778818243","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q899552","display_name":"Optical coherence tomography","level":2,"score":0.7600274682044983},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7125553488731384},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6750237941741943},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5383847951889038},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5236287117004395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98045186","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q205663","display_name":"Process (computing)","level":2,"score":0.4748977720737457},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C51632099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3985153","display_name":"Training set","level":2,"score":0.4580484926700592},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.440306156873703},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781181686","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4226068","display_name":"Coherence (philosophical gambling strategy)","level":2,"score":0.4152306616306305},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36464697","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q451553","display_name":"Visualization","level":2,"score":0.41104739904403687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.3597981035709381},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.2008405327796936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.14849123358726501},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.10899513959884644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000767","descriptor_name":"Anesthesia, Epidural","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000767","descriptor_name":"Anesthesia, Epidural","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000767","descriptor_name":"Anesthesia, Epidural","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000767","descriptor_name":"Anesthesia, Epidural","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000767","descriptor_name":"Anesthesia, Epidural","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007858","descriptor_name":"Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007858","descriptor_name":"Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007858","descriptor_name":"Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007858","descriptor_name":"Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007858","descriptor_name":"Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009339","descriptor_name":"Needles","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009339","descriptor_name":"Needles","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009339","descriptor_name":"Needles","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009339","descriptor_name":"Needles","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009339","descriptor_name":"Needles","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D041623","descriptor_name":"Tomography, Optical Coherence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D041623","descriptor_name":"Tomography, Optical Coherence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D041623","descriptor_name":"Tomography, Optical Coherence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D041623","descriptor_name":"Tomography, Optical Coherence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D041623","descriptor_name":"Tomography, Optical Coherence","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc40787.2023.10340648","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/embc40787.2023.10340648","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 45th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmid:38082740","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38082740","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W2079333153","https://openalex.org/W2108598243","https://openalex.org/W2194775991","https://openalex.org/W2321533354","https://openalex.org/W2326925005","https://openalex.org/W2744003653","https://openalex.org/W2842511635","https://openalex.org/W2889575516","https://openalex.org/W2946153601","https://openalex.org/W2963420272","https://openalex.org/W3005680577","https://openalex.org/W3121083971","https://openalex.org/W3134563600","https://openalex.org/W4281686306","https://openalex.org/W4283362293","https://openalex.org/W4289946024","https://openalex.org/W4297808394","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6687483927","https://openalex.org/W6774314701"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2323668004","https://openalex.org/W2348498086","https://openalex.org/W3093461874","https://openalex.org/W2063232638","https://openalex.org/W2068608913","https://openalex.org/W1000914229","https://openalex.org/W3021342607","https://openalex.org/W2488331324","https://openalex.org/W4308993413","https://openalex.org/W3000197790"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Needle":[0],"positioning":[1],"is":[2],"essential":[3],"for":[4,100],"various":[5],"medical":[6],"applications":[7],"such":[8],"as":[9,35],"epidural":[10,22],"anaesthesia.":[11],"Physicians":[12],"rely":[13],"on":[14],"their":[15],"instincts":[16],"while":[17],"navigating":[18],"the":[19,26,33,42,57,60,71,76,79,111,119,128,141],"needle":[20,43,72],"in":[21,41,83],"spaces.":[23],"Thereby,":[24],"identifying":[25],"tissue":[27,149],"structures":[28],"may":[29],"be":[30],"helpful":[31],"to":[32],"physician":[34],"they":[36],"can":[37],"provide":[38],"additional":[39],"feedback":[40],"insertion":[44],"process.":[45],"To":[46],"this":[47],"end,":[48],"we":[49,139],"propose":[50,90],"a":[51,84,91],"deep":[52,80],"neural":[53,81],"network":[54,82],"that":[55,96,107],"classifies":[56],"tissues":[58],"from":[59],"phase":[61,101,144],"and":[62,89,102,145],"intensity":[63,103,146],"data":[64],"of":[65,78,110,125,134,143],"complex":[66],"OCT":[67],"signals":[68],"acquired":[69],"at":[70],"tip.":[73],"We":[74,105],"investigate":[75],"performance":[77],"limited":[85],"labelled":[86],"dataset":[87],"scenario":[88],"novel":[92],"contrastive":[93],"pretraining":[94,116],"strategy":[95,117],"learns":[97],"invariant":[98],"representation":[99],"data.":[104],"show":[106],"with":[108],"10%":[109],"training":[112],"set,":[113],"our":[114],"proposed":[115],"helps":[118],"model":[120,129],"achieve":[121],"an":[122,131],"F1":[123,132],"score":[124,133],"0.84\u00b10.10":[126],"whereas":[127],"achieves":[130],"0.60\u00b10.07":[135],"without":[136],"it.":[137],"Further,":[138],"analyse":[140],"importance":[142],"individually":[147],"towards":[148],"classification.":[150]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}