{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4389543197","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc40787.2023.10340398","title":"Classification of Mental Stress Levels using EEG Connectivity and Convolutional Neural Networks*","display_name":"Classification of Mental Stress Levels using EEG Connectivity and Convolutional Neural Networks*","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-07-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4389543197","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc40787.2023.10340398","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38083224"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc40787.2023.10340398","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc40787.2023.10340398","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 45th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine &amp; Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015905278","display_name":"Fares Al-Shargie","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5792-8032"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I117222138","display_name":"Abu Dhabi University","ror":"https://ror.org/01r3kjq03","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I117222138"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Fares Al-Shargie","raw_affiliation_strings":["Abu Dhabi University,UAE","Abu Dhabi University, UAE"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Abu Dhabi University,UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I117222138"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Abu Dhabi University, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I117222138"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5104297199","display_name":"Yara Badr","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0009-0009-1968-8304"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I199440890","display_name":"American University of Sharjah","ror":"https://ror.org/001g2fj96","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199440890"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yara Badr","raw_affiliation_strings":["American University of Sharjah,Sharjah,UAE","American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"American University of Sharjah,Sharjah,UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199440890"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199440890"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102737812","display_name":"Usman Tariq","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8244-2165"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I199440890","display_name":"American University of Sharjah","ror":"https://ror.org/001g2fj96","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199440890"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Usman Tariq","raw_affiliation_strings":["American University of Sharjah,Sharjah,UAE","American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"American University of Sharjah,Sharjah,UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199440890"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199440890"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010366936","display_name":"Fabio Babiloni","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4962-176X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I861853513","display_name":"Sapienza University of Rome","ror":"https://ror.org/02be6w209","country_code":"IT","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I861853513"]}],"countries":["IT"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fabio Babiloni","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Rome Sapienza Rome,Italy","University of Rome Sapienza Rome, Italy"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Rome Sapienza Rome,Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I861853513"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Rome Sapienza Rome, Italy","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I861853513"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026022170","display_name":"Fadwa Al Mughairbi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6306-5632"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I201726411","display_name":"United Arab Emirates University","ror":"https://ror.org/01km6p862","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I201726411"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fadwa Al-Mughairbi","raw_affiliation_strings":["United Arab Emirates University"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"United Arab Emirates University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I201726411"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080706447","display_name":"Hasan Al\u2010Nashash","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9685-4937"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I199440890","display_name":"American University of Sharjah","ror":"https://ror.org/001g2fj96","country_code":"AE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I199440890"]}],"countries":["AE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hasan Al-Nashash","raw_affiliation_strings":["American University of Sharjah,Sharjah,UAE","American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"American University of Sharjah,Sharjah,UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199440890"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"American University of Sharjah, Sharjah, UAE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I199440890"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5015905278"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I117222138"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":1.0052,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.75628059,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"2023","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10745","display_name":"Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control","score":0.9945999979972839,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10042","display_name":"Neural and Behavioral Psychology Studies","score":0.9918000102043152,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stroop-effect","display_name":"Stroop effect","score":0.7534776926040649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electroencephalography","display_name":"Electroencephalography","score":0.7449682950973511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6702616214752197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/audiology","display_name":"Audiology","score":0.5749495625495911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4834086000919342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.46342408657073975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.45512789487838745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mental-stress","display_name":"Mental stress","score":0.4474220871925354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.44117990136146545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.36437833309173584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.22578567266464233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.1609508991241455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cognition","display_name":"Cognition","score":0.12724018096923828}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162967406","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q384176","display_name":"Stroop effect","level":3,"score":0.7534776926040649},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522805319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965","display_name":"Electroencephalography","level":2,"score":0.7449682950973511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6702616214752197},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548259974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q569965","display_name":"Audiology","level":1,"score":0.5749495625495911},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4834086000919342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.46342408657073975},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.45512789487838745},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2984493583","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3500368","display_name":"Mental stress","level":2,"score":0.4474220871925354},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.44117990136146545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.36437833309173584},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.22578567266464233},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.1609508991241455},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169900460","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2200417","display_name":"Cognition","level":2,"score":0.12724018096923828},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D010296","descriptor_name":"Parietal Lobe","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010296","descriptor_name":"Parietal Lobe","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010296","descriptor_name":"Parietal Lobe","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010296","descriptor_name":"Parietal Lobe","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010296","descriptor_name":"Parietal Lobe","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012146","descriptor_name":"Rest","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012146","descriptor_name":"Rest","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012146","descriptor_name":"Rest","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012146","descriptor_name":"Rest","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012146","descriptor_name":"Rest","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc40787.2023.10340398","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc40787.2023.10340398","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 45th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine &amp; Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmid:38083224","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38083224","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.44999998807907104,"display_name":"Reduced inequalities","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/10"}],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320316805","display_name":"University of Sharjah","ror":"https://ror.org/00engpz63"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1554021804","https://openalex.org/W2128495200","https://openalex.org/W2285537656","https://openalex.org/W2606337139","https://openalex.org/W2733268233","https://openalex.org/W2809573666","https://openalex.org/W2897982924","https://openalex.org/W2975452052","https://openalex.org/W3022246026","https://openalex.org/W3088318386","https://openalex.org/W3159245381","https://openalex.org/W3178315670","https://openalex.org/W3179585071","https://openalex.org/W3195539947","https://openalex.org/W3199166979","https://openalex.org/W4206363484","https://openalex.org/W4226020799","https://openalex.org/W4226347958","https://openalex.org/W4280565735","https://openalex.org/W4289731687","https://openalex.org/W4318148700"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1970555053","https://openalex.org/W4241390462","https://openalex.org/W2053629062","https://openalex.org/W2057396539","https://openalex.org/W3205260276","https://openalex.org/W2091287875","https://openalex.org/W2412548067","https://openalex.org/W2368315872","https://openalex.org/W2061347168","https://openalex.org/W1502020353"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Classifying":[0],"mental":[1,42,51,80,156,168,222],"stress":[2,46,48,52,207],"is":[3],"important":[4],"as":[5,201,215],"it":[6],"helps":[7],"in":[8],"identifying":[9],"the":[10,19,78,83,111,114,128,131,148,154,166,209],"type":[11],"and":[12,47,65,95,127,150,187,208],"severity":[13],"of":[14,90,99,116],"stress,":[15],"which":[16],"can":[17,198],"inform":[18],"most":[20],"appropriate":[21],"treatment":[22],"or":[23],"intervention.":[24],"In":[25],"this":[26],"study,":[27],"we":[28],"propose":[29],"utilizing":[30],"electroencephalography":[31],"(EEG)":[32],"signals":[33],"with":[34,62,121,161,170,178,212],"convolutional":[35],"neural":[36],"networks":[37],"(CNNs)":[38],"to":[39,87,205],"classify":[40],"four":[41,79,155,167],"states:":[43],"rest,":[44],"control-alert,":[45],"mitigation.":[49],"The":[50,140,158,190],"state":[53],"was":[54,66],"induced":[55],"using":[56,69,82],"Stroop":[57],"color":[58],"word":[59],"test":[60],"(SCWT)":[61],"time":[63,85],"constrains":[64],"then":[67],"mitigated":[68],"16":[70,195],"Hz":[71,196],"Binaural":[72],"beat":[73],"stimulation":[74],"(BBs).":[75],"We":[76],"quantified":[77],"states":[81,169],"reaction":[84],"(RT)":[86],"stimuli,":[88],"accuracy":[89,115,132],"target":[91,117],"detection,":[92],"subjective":[93],"score,":[94],"functional":[96,141],"connectivity":[97,142],"images":[98,163,214],"EEG":[100],"estimated":[101],"by":[102,119,133],"Phase":[103],"Locking":[104],"Value":[105],"(PLV).":[106],"Our":[107],"results":[108,192],"show":[109],"that,":[110],"SCWT":[112],"reduced":[113],"detection":[118],"70%":[120],"(F=":[122,135],"24.56,":[123],"p":[124,137],"=":[125,138],".00001),":[126],"BBs":[129,197],"improved":[130],"28%":[134],"4.54,":[136],".00470).":[139],"network":[143],"showed":[144],"different":[145,221],"patterns":[146],"between":[147,165],"frontal/occipital":[149],"parietal":[151],"regions,":[152],"under":[153],"states.":[157,223],"proposed":[159,210],"CNNs":[160,211],"PLV":[162],"differentiated":[164],"highest":[171],"classification":[172],"performance":[173],"at":[174],"beta":[175],"frequency":[176],"band":[177],"80.95%":[179],"accuracy,":[180],"80.36%":[181],"sensitivity,":[182],"94.75%":[183],"specificity,":[184],"83.63%":[185],"precision":[186],"81.96%":[188],"F-score.":[189],"overall":[191],"suggest":[193],"that":[194],"be":[199],"used":[200],"an":[202],"effective":[203],"method":[204,218],"mitigate":[206],"EEG-PLV":[213],"a":[216],"promising":[217],"for":[219],"classifying":[220]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-21T09:19:25.381259","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
