{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4389576974","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc40787.2023.10340124","title":"Subject-level Normalization to Improve A-phase Detection of Cyclic Alternating Pattern in Sleep EEG","display_name":"Subject-level Normalization to Improve A-phase Detection of Cyclic Alternating Pattern in Sleep EEG","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-07-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4389576974","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc40787.2023.10340124","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38083045"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc40787.2023.10340124","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc40787.2023.10340124","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 45th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine &amp; Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5074937618","display_name":"Simon Hartmann","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9689-0594"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5681781","display_name":"University of Adelaide","ror":"https://ror.org/00892tw58","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5681781"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Simon Hartmann","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Adelaide,Discipline of Psychiatry, Adelaide Medical School, and the School of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering,Adelaide,SA,Australia,5005"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Adelaide,Discipline of Psychiatry, Adelaide Medical School, and the School of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering,Adelaide,SA,Australia,5005","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5681781"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019062400","display_name":"Mathias Baumert","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2984-2167"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I5681781","display_name":"University of Adelaide","ror":"https://ror.org/00892tw58","country_code":"AU","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I5681781"]}],"countries":["AU"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mathias Baumert","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Adelaide,School of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering,Adelaide,SA,Australia,5005"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Adelaide,School of Electrical and Mechanical Engineering,Adelaide,SA,Australia,5005","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5681781"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5074937618"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I5681781"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.1684,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.51976654,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"2023","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"4"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10985","display_name":"Sleep and Wakefulness Research","score":0.9961000084877014,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11447","display_name":"Blind Source Separation Techniques","score":0.9955000281333923,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/normalization","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","score":0.8678594827651978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/interquartile-range","display_name":"Interquartile range","score":0.7482588887214661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5821804404258728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population","display_name":"Population","score":0.5710528492927551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electroencephalography","display_name":"Electroencephalography","score":0.5455729961395264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5253550410270691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.44631466269493103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.3870806097984314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/audiology","display_name":"Audiology","score":0.32076749205589294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistics","display_name":"Statistics","score":0.30195051431655884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.25051647424697876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.23018094897270203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.22437793016433716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.13162794709205627}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C136886441","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q926129","display_name":"Normalization (sociology)","level":2,"score":0.8678594827651978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119060515","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1916617","display_name":"Interquartile range","level":2,"score":0.7482588887214661},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5821804404258728},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.5710528492927551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522805319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965","display_name":"Electroencephalography","level":2,"score":0.5455729961395264},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5253550410270691},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.44631466269493103},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.3870806097984314},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C548259974","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q569965","display_name":"Audiology","level":1,"score":0.32076749205589294},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.30195051431655884},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.25051647424697876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.23018094897270203},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.22437793016433716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.13162794709205627},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19165224","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23404","display_name":"Anthropology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99454951","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q932068","display_name":"Environmental health","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012893","descriptor_name":"Sleep Wake Disorders","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012893","descriptor_name":"Sleep Wake Disorders","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012893","descriptor_name":"Sleep Wake Disorders","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012893","descriptor_name":"Sleep Wake Disorders","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012893","descriptor_name":"Sleep Wake Disorders","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012894","descriptor_name":"Sleep Stages","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012894","descriptor_name":"Sleep Stages","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012894","descriptor_name":"Sleep Stages","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012894","descriptor_name":"Sleep Stages","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012894","descriptor_name":"Sleep Stages","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016208","descriptor_name":"Databases, Factual","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016208","descriptor_name":"Databases, Factual","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016208","descriptor_name":"Databases, Factual","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016208","descriptor_name":"Databases, Factual","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016208","descriptor_name":"Databases, Factual","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc40787.2023.10340124","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc40787.2023.10340124","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 45th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine &amp; Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmid:38083045","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38083045","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4","display_name":"Quality Education","score":0.7599999904632568}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":25,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1966447062","https://openalex.org/W1981376770","https://openalex.org/W2017548581","https://openalex.org/W2025008455","https://openalex.org/W2117296910","https://openalex.org/W2162800060","https://openalex.org/W2525537354","https://openalex.org/W2808100124","https://openalex.org/W2954204245","https://openalex.org/W2964959984","https://openalex.org/W2967756208","https://openalex.org/W2979504178","https://openalex.org/W2992009386","https://openalex.org/W3004502489","https://openalex.org/W3005101179","https://openalex.org/W3008806088","https://openalex.org/W3010279674","https://openalex.org/W3048736231","https://openalex.org/W3157268454","https://openalex.org/W3216609923","https://openalex.org/W4281480060","https://openalex.org/W4283792704","https://openalex.org/W4295428959","https://openalex.org/W4309247082","https://openalex.org/W4312094217"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1681476849","https://openalex.org/W2487490720","https://openalex.org/W2793077515","https://openalex.org/W4292573045","https://openalex.org/W2126365059","https://openalex.org/W2980097659","https://openalex.org/W4386009577","https://openalex.org/W2981615369","https://openalex.org/W3130621552","https://openalex.org/W3048651736"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Automatic":[0],"detection":[1,62,174],"systems":[2],"for":[3,123,131,139,195],"activation":[4],"phases":[5],"(A-phase)":[6],"of":[7,52,58,65,75,172,203],"the":[8,50,56,72,81,98,117,152,170,177,182,189,196,201],"cyclic":[9],"alternating":[10],"pattern":[11],"(CAP)":[12],"in":[13,22,30,175],"electroencephalograms":[14],"(EEG)":[15],"are":[16],"designed":[17],"to":[18,28,38,80,151],"automatically":[19],"score":[20],"A-phases":[21],"any":[23],"individual":[24,204],"but":[25],"typically":[26],"fail":[27],"factor":[29],"EEG":[31,205],"signal":[32],"variations":[33],"between":[34],"individuals,":[35],"e.g.":[36],"due":[37],"sleep":[39,95,160],"disorders,":[40],"recording":[41],"site":[42],"differences":[43],"or":[44,110],"equipment":[45],"differences.":[46,206],"Here,":[47],"we":[48],"investigate":[49],"effect":[51,202],"subject-level":[53,77,166],"normalization":[54,78,107,156,167],"on":[55,91,104],"performance":[57,74],"an":[59],"automatic":[60,190],"A-phase":[61,173],"system":[63,193],"consisting":[64],"a":[66],"recurrent":[67],"neural":[68],"network.":[69],"We":[70],"compared":[71,150],"classification":[73],"various":[76],"methods":[79],"standard":[82,153],"training":[83,154,178],"set":[84],"normalization.":[85],"Systems":[86],"were":[87],"trained":[88],"and":[89,112],"tested":[90,158],"subjects":[92],"with":[93],"different":[94],"disorders":[96],"using":[97,108],"publicly":[99],"available":[100],"CAP":[101,191],"Sleep":[102],"Database":[103],"Physionet.":[105],"Subject-level":[106,186],"Zscore":[109],"median":[111],"interquartile":[113],"range":[114],"(IQR)":[115],"increases":[116],"F":[118],"<inf":[119],"xmlns:mml=\"http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML\"":[120],"xmlns:xlink=\"http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink\">1</inf>":[121],"-score":[122],"A1-phases":[124],"by":[125,133,141,199],"+11-22%":[126],"(Z-Score:":[127,135,145],"+11-20%,":[128],"Median/IQR:":[129,137,147],"+16-22%),":[130],"A2-phases":[132],"+2-9%":[134],"+59%,":[136],"+2-7%),":[138],"A3-phases":[140],"-1":[142],"-":[143],"+8%":[144],"+3-8%,":[146],"-1-+5%)":[148],"as":[149],"data":[155],"when":[157],"across":[159],"disorders.":[161],"Our":[162],"results":[163],"show":[164],"that":[165],"drastically":[168],"improves":[169,188],"precision":[171],"case":[176],"population":[179,198],"differs":[180],"from":[181],"testing":[183],"population.Clinical":[184],"Relevance\u2014":[185],"normalisation":[187],"scoring":[192],"performances":[194],"general":[197],"minimizing":[200]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-05-16T08:24:45.110214","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}