{"id":"https://openalex.org/W4389543131","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc40787.2023.10340059","title":"Facial Action Unit Detection using 3D Face Landmarks for Pain Detection","display_name":"Facial Action Unit Detection using 3D Face Landmarks for Pain Detection","publication_year":2023,"publication_date":"2023-07-24","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W4389543131","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc40787.2023.10340059","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38083153"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc40787.2023.10340059","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/embc40787.2023.10340059","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 45th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://hal.science/hal-04320516/document","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5093339745","display_name":"Kevin Feghoul","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I3018718406","display_name":"Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille","ror":"https://ror.org/02ppyfa04","country_code":"FR","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I3018718406"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I154526488","display_name":"Inserm","ror":"https://ror.org/02vjkv261","country_code":"FR","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I154526488"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2279609970","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Lille","ror":"https://ror.org/02kzqn938","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2279609970"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Kevin Feghoul","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Lille,Inserm, CHU Lille, UMRS1172 - LilNCog, UMR 9189 CRIStAL,Lille,France,F-59000"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Lille,Inserm, CHU Lille, UMRS1172 - LilNCog, UMR 9189 CRIStAL,Lille,France,F-59000","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154526488","https://openalex.org/I2279609970","https://openalex.org/I3018718406"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068994330","display_name":"Mondher Bouazizi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7055-9318"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I203951103","display_name":"Keio University","ror":"https://ror.org/02kn6nx58","country_code":"JP","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I203951103"]}],"countries":["JP"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mondher Bouazizi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Keio University,Faculty of Science and Technology,Japan","Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Japan"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Keio University,Faculty of Science and Technology,Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203951103"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Science and Technology, Keio University, Japan","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I203951103"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5031490374","display_name":"Deise Santana Maia","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2279609970","display_name":"Universit\u00e9 de Lille","ror":"https://ror.org/02kzqn938","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2279609970"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I7454413","display_name":"\u00c9cole Centrale de Lille","ror":"https://ror.org/01x441g73","country_code":"FR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I7454413"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1294671590","display_name":"Centre National de la Recherche Scientifique","ror":"https://ror.org/02feahw73","country_code":"FR","type":"funder","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]}],"countries":["FR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Deise Santana Maia","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Lille,CNRS, Centrale Lille, UMR 9189 CRIStAL,Lille,France,F-59000"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Lille,CNRS, Centrale Lille, UMR 9189 CRIStAL,Lille,France,F-59000","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2279609970","https://openalex.org/I7454413","https://openalex.org/I1294671590"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5093339745"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I154526488","https://openalex.org/I2279609970","https://openalex.org/I3018718406"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.2552,"has_fulltext":true,"cited_by_count":1,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.62392577,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"30","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9955999851226807,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11800","display_name":"User Authentication and Security Systems","score":0.9787999987602234,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1710","display_name":"Information Systems"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.8126064538955688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6914991736412048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/benchmark","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","score":0.6220217347145081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face-detection","display_name":"Face detection","score":0.6095861196517944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-expression","display_name":"Facial expression","score":0.6015331745147705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/transformer","display_name":"Transformer","score":0.5173534750938416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.5092438459396362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.4830663502216339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4436197280883789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/reliability","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","score":0.4295099973678589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/object-detection","display_name":"Object detection","score":0.41475439071655273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-recognition-system","display_name":"Facial recognition system","score":0.3501242399215698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.3366072177886963}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.8126064538955688},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6914991736412048},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185798385","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1161707","display_name":"Benchmark (surveying)","level":2,"score":0.6220217347145081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C4641261","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11681085","display_name":"Face detection","level":4,"score":0.6095861196517944},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195704467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327968","display_name":"Facial expression","level":2,"score":0.6015331745147705},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66322947","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11658","display_name":"Transformer","level":3,"score":0.5173534750938416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.5092438459396362},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.4830663502216339},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4436197280883789},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C43214815","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7310987","display_name":"Reliability (semiconductor)","level":3,"score":0.4295099973678589},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776151529","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3045304","display_name":"Object detection","level":3,"score":0.41475439071655273},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31510193","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1192553","display_name":"Facial recognition system","level":3,"score":0.3501242399215698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.3366072177886963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C165801399","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25428","display_name":"Voltage","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C13280743","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131089","display_name":"Geodesy","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163258240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q25342","display_name":"Power (physics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C205649164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1071","display_name":"Geography","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D005145","descriptor_name":"Face","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005145","descriptor_name":"Face","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005145","descriptor_name":"Face","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005145","descriptor_name":"Face","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005145","descriptor_name":"Face","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005149","descriptor_name":"Facial Expression","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005149","descriptor_name":"Facial Expression","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005149","descriptor_name":"Facial Expression","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005149","descriptor_name":"Facial Expression","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005149","descriptor_name":"Facial Expression","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010146","descriptor_name":"Pain","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010146","descriptor_name":"Pain","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010146","descriptor_name":"Pain","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010146","descriptor_name":"Pain","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010146","descriptor_name":"Pain","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019985","descriptor_name":"Benchmarking","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019985","descriptor_name":"Benchmarking","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019985","descriptor_name":"Benchmarking","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019985","descriptor_name":"Benchmarking","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019985","descriptor_name":"Benchmarking","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":4,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc40787.2023.10340059","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"http://dx.doi.org/10.1109/embc40787.2023.10340059","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2023 45th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine & Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmid:38083153","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/38083153","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-04320516v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hal.science/hal-04320516","pdf_url":"https://hal.science/hal-04320516/document","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922461","display_name":"SPIRE - Sciences Po Institutional REpository","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"45th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Jul 2023, Sydney, Australia","raw_type":"Conference papers"},{"id":"pmh:oai:lilloa.univ-lille.fr:20.500.12210/92091","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"http://hdl.handle.net/20.500.12210/92091","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402203","display_name":"LillOA (Universit\u00e9 de Lille (University Of Lille))","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I4210123514","host_organization_name":"Centre d'Etudes en Civilisations, Langues et Litt\u00e9ratures Etrang\u00e8res","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210123514"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:HAL:hal-04320516v1","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://hal.science/hal-04320516","pdf_url":"https://hal.science/hal-04320516/document","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4406922461","display_name":"SPIRE - Sciences Po Institutional REpository","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":null,"host_organization_name":null,"host_organization_lineage":[],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"45th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, Jul 2023, Sydney, Australia","raw_type":"Conference papers"},"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Gender equality","score":0.5600000023841858,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/5"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W4389543131.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":28,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1588539311","https://openalex.org/W1628791547","https://openalex.org/W2064675550","https://openalex.org/W2101965618","https://openalex.org/W2470957930","https://openalex.org/W2618530766","https://openalex.org/W2767966908","https://openalex.org/W2900758940","https://openalex.org/W2903991757","https://openalex.org/W2919115771","https://openalex.org/W2962824709","https://openalex.org/W3009411411","https://openalex.org/W3127053097","https://openalex.org/W3175851380","https://openalex.org/W3199073273","https://openalex.org/W4210405389","https://openalex.org/W4210681580","https://openalex.org/W4288282320","https://openalex.org/W4295312788","https://openalex.org/W4385245566","https://openalex.org/W6603885290","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6739901393","https://openalex.org/W6755207826","https://openalex.org/W6756780903","https://openalex.org/W6765865358","https://openalex.org/W6766978945"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2336272890","https://openalex.org/W4308999381","https://openalex.org/W3183843611","https://openalex.org/W4312238398","https://openalex.org/W3211418293","https://openalex.org/W4308999963","https://openalex.org/W3204852000","https://openalex.org/W4312081214","https://openalex.org/W2901758161","https://openalex.org/W2059356388"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Automatic":[0],"detection":[1,43,102,113],"of":[2,57,99],"facial":[3,15],"action":[4],"units":[5],"(AUs)":[6],"has":[7],"recently":[8],"gained":[9],"attention":[10],"for":[11,50,59,74,111],"its":[12],"applications":[13],"in":[14,21,40,122,128],"expression":[16],"analysis.":[17],"However,":[18],"using":[19,77,130,154],"AUs":[20,76,146],"research":[22],"can":[23,33,44],"be":[24,34],"challenging":[25],"since":[26],"they":[27],"are":[28],"typically":[29],"manually":[30],"annotated,":[31],"which":[32,95],"time-consuming,":[35],"repetitive,":[36],"and":[37,53,124],"error-prone.":[38],"Advancements":[39],"automated":[41],"AU":[42,101],"greatly":[45],"reduce":[46],"the":[47,55,83,97,100,115],"time":[48],"required":[49],"this":[51,67],"task":[52],"improve":[54],"reliability":[56],"annotations":[58],"downstream":[60],"tasks,":[61],"such":[62],"as":[63],"pain":[64,112],"detection.":[65],"In":[66],"study,":[68],"we":[69,86],"present":[70],"an":[71,119],"efficient":[72],"method":[73],"detecting":[75],"only":[78,143],"3D":[79],"face":[80],"landmarks.":[81],"Using":[82],"detected":[84],"AUs,":[85],"trained":[87],"state-of-the-art":[88],"deep":[89],"learning":[90],"models":[91],"to":[92,135,153],"detect":[93],"pain,":[94],"validates":[96],"effectiveness":[98],"model.":[103],"Our":[104,138],"study":[105],"also":[106],"establishes":[107],"a":[108,125,131],"new":[109],"benchmark":[110],"on":[114],"BP4D+":[116],"dataset,":[117],"demonstrating":[118],"11.13%":[120],"improvement":[121,127],"F1-score":[123],"3.09%":[126],"accuracy":[129],"Transformer":[132],"model":[133],"compared":[134,152],"existing":[136],"studies.":[137],"results":[139,150],"show":[140],"that":[141],"utilizing":[142],"eight":[144],"predicted":[145],"still":[147],"achieves":[148],"competitive":[149],"when":[151],"all":[155],"34":[156],"ground-truth":[157],"AUs.":[158]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}