{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2980131624","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2019.8857819","title":"Natural Language Processing of Clinical Notes for Improved Early Prediction of Septic Shock in the ICU","display_name":"Natural Language Processing of Clinical Notes for Improved Early Prediction of Septic Shock in the ICU","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2980131624","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2019.8857819","mag":"2980131624","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31947237"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc.2019.8857819","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2019.8857819","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 41st Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100448097","display_name":"Ran Liu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0866-9281"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799853436","display_name":"Johns Hopkins Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/037zgn354","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799853436"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Ran Liu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine & Whiting School of Engineering"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine & Whiting School of Engineering","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799853436","https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033607876","display_name":"Joseph L. Greenstein","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6193-7134"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Joseph L. Greenstein","raw_affiliation_strings":["Institute for Computational Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Institute for Computational Medicine, The Johns Hopkins University","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5088809750","display_name":"Sridevi V. Sarma","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4817-6625"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799853436","display_name":"Johns Hopkins Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/037zgn354","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799853436"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sridevi V. Sarma","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine & Whiting School of Engineering"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine & Whiting School of Engineering","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799853436","https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5085871644","display_name":"Raimond L. Winslow","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1719-1651"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145311948","display_name":"Johns Hopkins University","ror":"https://ror.org/00za53h95","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145311948"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I2799853436","display_name":"Johns Hopkins Medicine","ror":"https://ror.org/037zgn354","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I2799853436"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Raimond L. Winslow","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine & Whiting School of Engineering"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Biomedical Engineering, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine & Whiting School of Engineering","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I2799853436","https://openalex.org/I145311948"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5100448097"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145311948","https://openalex.org/I2799853436"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.2481,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":30,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.88249643,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":94,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"2019","issue":null,"first_page":"6103","last_page":"6108"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10218","display_name":"Sepsis Diagnosis and Treatment","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10218","display_name":"Sepsis Diagnosis and Treatment","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2713","display_name":"Epidemiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13702","display_name":"Machine Learning in Healthcare","score":0.9965999722480774,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12574","display_name":"Clinical Reasoning and Diagnostic Skills","score":0.9545000195503235,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2714","display_name":"Family Practice"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/septic-shock","display_name":"Septic shock","score":0.8296869993209839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/boosting","display_name":"Boosting (machine learning)","score":0.7096284627914429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/warning-system","display_name":"Warning system","score":0.6368640661239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/gradient-boosting","display_name":"Gradient boosting","score":0.629957377910614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-health-record","display_name":"Electronic health record","score":0.5959098935127258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/shock","display_name":"Shock (circulatory)","score":0.5488415956497192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/early-warning-score","display_name":"Early warning score","score":0.5472339391708374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sepsis","display_name":"Sepsis","score":0.5082299709320068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-records","display_name":"Health records","score":0.47520336508750916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4684956669807434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electronic-medical-record","display_name":"Electronic medical record","score":0.4522935152053833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.4464628994464874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/clinical-decision-support-system","display_name":"Clinical decision support system","score":0.43805474042892456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.43404918909072876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.4179123640060425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/intensive-care-medicine","display_name":"Intensive care medicine","score":0.40443533658981323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.3189885914325714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-support-system","display_name":"Decision support system","score":0.2961347699165344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/emergency-medicine","display_name":"Emergency medicine","score":0.27559158205986023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/health-care","display_name":"Health care","score":0.16045671701431274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/internal-medicine","display_name":"Internal medicine","score":0.1307046115398407}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777628635","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1765564","display_name":"Septic shock","level":3,"score":0.8296869993209839},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C46686674","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466303","display_name":"Boosting (machine learning)","level":2,"score":0.7096284627914429},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C29825287","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1427940","display_name":"Warning system","level":2,"score":0.6368640661239624},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70153297","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5591907","display_name":"Gradient boosting","level":3,"score":0.629957377910614},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020144179","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10871684","display_name":"Electronic health record","level":3,"score":0.5959098935127258},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781300812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q178061","display_name":"Shock (circulatory)","level":2,"score":0.5488415956497192},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777671062","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6889402","display_name":"Early warning score","level":2,"score":0.5472339391708374},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778384902","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183134","display_name":"Sepsis","level":2,"score":0.5082299709320068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3019952477","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1324077","display_name":"Health records","level":3,"score":0.47520336508750916},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4684956669807434},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3018060332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10871684","display_name":"Electronic medical record","level":2,"score":0.4522935152053833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.4464628994464874},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C63527458","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5133829","display_name":"Clinical decision support system","level":3,"score":0.43805474042892456},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.43404918909072876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.4179123640060425},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C177713679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q679690","display_name":"Intensive care medicine","level":1,"score":0.40443533658981323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.3189885914325714},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107327155","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q330268","display_name":"Decision support system","level":2,"score":0.2961347699165344},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194828623","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2861470","display_name":"Emergency medicine","level":1,"score":0.27559158205986023},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C160735492","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q31207","display_name":"Health care","level":2,"score":0.16045671701431274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.1307046115398407},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50522688","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189833","display_name":"Economic growth","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007362","descriptor_name":"Intensive Care Units","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007362","descriptor_name":"Intensive Care Units","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007362","descriptor_name":"Intensive Care Units","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009323","descriptor_name":"Natural Language Processing","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012189","descriptor_name":"Retrospective Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012189","descriptor_name":"Retrospective Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012189","descriptor_name":"Retrospective Studies","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012772","descriptor_name":"Shock, Septic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012772","descriptor_name":"Shock, Septic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012772","descriptor_name":"Shock, Septic","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc.2019.8857819","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2019.8857819","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 41st Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmid:31947237","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31947237","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.5099999904632568,"display_name":"Good health and well-being","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":39,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W941230081","https://openalex.org/W1614298861","https://openalex.org/W1993397663","https://openalex.org/W2015329932","https://openalex.org/W2034822799","https://openalex.org/W2039251546","https://openalex.org/W2041461587","https://openalex.org/W2073316020","https://openalex.org/W2109310726","https://openalex.org/W2118858814","https://openalex.org/W2134689623","https://openalex.org/W2151426785","https://openalex.org/W2167032822","https://openalex.org/W2250539671","https://openalex.org/W2280404143","https://openalex.org/W2282181907","https://openalex.org/W2295598076","https://openalex.org/W2396881363","https://openalex.org/W2442246762","https://openalex.org/W2556762229","https://openalex.org/W2768146862","https://openalex.org/W2772121968","https://openalex.org/W2794557536","https://openalex.org/W2906103632","https://openalex.org/W2911462778","https://openalex.org/W2938221441","https://openalex.org/W2950577311","https://openalex.org/W3016555942","https://openalex.org/W3045454797","https://openalex.org/W3102476541","https://openalex.org/W3162617641","https://openalex.org/W3183325496","https://openalex.org/W4399579355","https://openalex.org/W6624664881","https://openalex.org/W6636510571","https://openalex.org/W6684608122","https://openalex.org/W6749879876","https://openalex.org/W6761684989","https://openalex.org/W6868586389"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4295938515","https://openalex.org/W2363232914","https://openalex.org/W2604895876","https://openalex.org/W1525073044","https://openalex.org/W2122931948","https://openalex.org/W2142150392","https://openalex.org/W2386164369","https://openalex.org/W2053961376","https://openalex.org/W4399317260","https://openalex.org/W2170162894"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Sepsis":[0],"and":[1,17,130,170],"septic":[2,42,79,154],"shock":[3,43,155],"are":[4],"major":[5],"concerns":[6],"in":[7,21,151,166],"public":[8],"health":[9,49,88],"as":[10],"the":[11,22,53,86,113,158],"leading":[12],"contributors":[13],"to":[14,33,70,146],"hospital":[15],"mortality":[16],"cost":[18],"of":[19,41,55,75,97,119,136,141,153,162],"treatment":[20,26,57],"United":[23],"States.":[24],"Early":[25],"is":[27,144],"instrumental":[28],"for":[29,38,106],"improving":[30],"patient":[31],"outcome;":[32],"this":[34,163],"end,":[35],"algorithmic":[36],"methods":[37,105],"early":[39,133,142],"prediction":[40,160],"have":[44],"been":[45],"developed":[46],"using":[47,64],"electronic":[48,87],"record":[50,89],"data,":[51],"with":[52,90,112,157],"goal":[54],"decreasing":[56],"delay.":[58],"We":[59,101],"extend":[60],"a":[61,65,72,131],"previously-developed":[62],"method,":[63],"gradient":[66],"boosting":[67],"algorithm":[68],"(XG-Boost)":[69],"compute":[71],"time-evolving":[73],"risk":[74],"impending":[76],"transition":[77],"into":[78],"shock,":[80],"by":[81],"combining":[82],"physiological":[83],"data":[84],"from":[85,93],"features":[91],"obtained":[92],"natural":[94,108],"language":[95,109],"processing":[96,110],"clinical":[98],"note":[99],"data.":[100],"compare":[102],"two":[103],"different":[104],"generating":[107],"features,":[111],"best":[114],"method":[115,164],"obtaining":[116],"improved":[117,159],"performance":[118,161],"0.92":[120],"AUC,":[121],"84%":[122],"sensitivity,":[123],"82%":[124],"specificity,":[125],"49%":[126],"positive":[127],"predictive":[128],"value,":[129],"median":[132],"warning":[134,143],"time":[135],"7.0":[137],"hours.":[138],"This":[139],"degree":[140],"sufficient":[145],"enable":[147],"intervention":[148],"many":[149],"hours":[150],"advance":[152],"onset,":[156],"resulting":[165],"fewer":[167],"false":[168],"alarms":[169],"thus":[171],"more":[172],"actionable":[173],"predictions.":[174]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-03-04T09:10:02.777135","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}