{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2979467434","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2019.8857217","title":"A Distributed Wireless Network of Implantable Sub-mm Cortical Microstimulators for Brain-Computer Interfaces","display_name":"A Distributed Wireless Network of Implantable Sub-mm Cortical Microstimulators for Brain-Computer Interfaces","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2979467434","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2019.8857217","mag":"2979467434","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31947420"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc.2019.8857217","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2019.8857217","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 41st Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046282246","display_name":"Farah Laiwalla","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27804330","display_name":"Brown University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gq02987","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Farah Laiwalla","raw_affiliation_strings":["Brown University, Providence, RI, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brown University, Providence, RI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5040076097","display_name":"Ji-Hun Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6251-3969"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27804330","display_name":"Brown University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gq02987","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jihun Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Brown University, Providence, RI, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brown University, Providence, RI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010869902","display_name":"Ah\u2010Hyoung Lee","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1579-2816"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ah-Hyoung Lee","raw_affiliation_strings":["Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075968421","display_name":"Ethan Mok","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27804330","display_name":"Brown University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gq02987","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ethan Mok","raw_affiliation_strings":["Brown University, Providence, RI, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brown University, Providence, RI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5077647050","display_name":"Vincent Leung","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1757-521X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I36258959","display_name":"University of California San Diego","ror":"https://ror.org/0168r3w48","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vincent Leung","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I36258959"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113869429","display_name":"Steven Shellhammer","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210087596","display_name":"Qualcomm (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/002zrf773","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210087596"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210111675","display_name":"Market Matters","ror":"https://ror.org/021yan307","country_code":"US","type":"nonprofit","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210111675"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Steven Shellhammer","raw_affiliation_strings":["Qualcomm Inc, San Diego, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Qualcomm Inc, San Diego, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210087596","https://openalex.org/I4210111675"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5051816880","display_name":"Yoon\u2010Kyu Song","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0558-6368"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I139264467","display_name":"Seoul National University","ror":"https://ror.org/04h9pn542","country_code":"KR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}],"countries":["KR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yoon-Kyu Song","raw_affiliation_strings":["Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Seoul National University, Seoul, South Korea","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I139264467"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5069553150","display_name":"L.E. Larson","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3930-2079"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27804330","display_name":"Brown University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gq02987","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Lawrence Larson","raw_affiliation_strings":["Brown University, Providence, RI, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brown University, Providence, RI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5007806906","display_name":"A. V. Nurmikko","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9668-2066"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I27804330","display_name":"Brown University","ror":"https://ror.org/05gq02987","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Arto Nurmikko","raw_affiliation_strings":["Brown University, Providence, RI, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Brown University, Providence, RI, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":9,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5046282246"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I27804330"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.2886,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":38,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.87868716,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"2019","issue":null,"first_page":"6876","last_page":"6879"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11601","display_name":"Neuroscience and Neural Engineering","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11601","display_name":"Neuroscience and Neural Engineering","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9994999766349792,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10502","display_name":"Advanced Memory and Neural Computing","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2208","display_name":"Electrical and Electronic Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brain\u2013computer-interface","display_name":"Brain\u2013computer interface","score":0.5894073247909546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5617013573646545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/context","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","score":0.5513238906860352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pedot-pss","display_name":"PEDOT:PSS","score":0.5095463395118713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/materials-science","display_name":"Materials science","score":0.5091599822044373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless","display_name":"Wireless","score":0.47522976994514465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/scalability","display_name":"Scalability","score":0.43494102358818054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wearable-computer","display_name":"Wearable computer","score":0.42484351992607117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wireless-sensor-network","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","score":0.41312313079833984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/embedded-system","display_name":"Embedded system","score":0.3764670789241791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-hardware","display_name":"Computer hardware","score":0.3264855146408081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nanotechnology","display_name":"Nanotechnology","score":0.23919695615768433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-network","display_name":"Computer network","score":0.19808387756347656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/telecommunications","display_name":"Telecommunications","score":0.19262507557868958}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173201364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q897410","display_name":"Brain\u2013computer interface","level":3,"score":0.5894073247909546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5617013573646545},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779343474","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3109175","display_name":"Context (archaeology)","level":2,"score":0.5513238906860352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C170029824","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q421690","display_name":"PEDOT:PSS","level":3,"score":0.5095463395118713},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C192562407","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q228736","display_name":"Materials science","level":0,"score":0.5091599822044373},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C555944384","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q249","display_name":"Wireless","level":2,"score":0.47522976994514465},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C48044578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q727490","display_name":"Scalability","level":2,"score":0.43494102358818054},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C150594956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1334829","display_name":"Wearable computer","level":2,"score":0.42484351992607117},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24590314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q336038","display_name":"Wireless sensor network","level":2,"score":0.41312313079833984},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149635348","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q193040","display_name":"Embedded system","level":1,"score":0.3764670789241791},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9390403","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3966","display_name":"Computer hardware","level":1,"score":0.3264855146408081},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C171250308","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11468","display_name":"Nanotechnology","level":1,"score":0.23919695615768433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31258907","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1301371","display_name":"Computer network","level":1,"score":0.19808387756347656},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.19262507557868958},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C77088390","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8513","display_name":"Database","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522805319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965","display_name":"Electroencephalography","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779227376","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6505497","display_name":"Layer (electronics)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D004566","descriptor_name":"Electrodes","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004566","descriptor_name":"Electrodes","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004566","descriptor_name":"Electrodes","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011846","descriptor_name":"Radio Waves","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011846","descriptor_name":"Radio Waves","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011846","descriptor_name":"Radio Waves","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013686","descriptor_name":"Telemetry","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013686","descriptor_name":"Telemetry","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013686","descriptor_name":"Telemetry","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019736","descriptor_name":"Prostheses and Implants","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019736","descriptor_name":"Prostheses and Implants","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019736","descriptor_name":"Prostheses and Implants","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D059015","descriptor_name":"Wireless Technology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D059015","descriptor_name":"Wireless Technology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D059015","descriptor_name":"Wireless Technology","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D062207","descriptor_name":"Brain-Computer Interfaces","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D062207","descriptor_name":"Brain-Computer Interfaces","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D062207","descriptor_name":"Brain-Computer Interfaces","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc.2019.8857217","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2019.8857217","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 41st Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmid:31947420","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31947420","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Affordable and clean energy","score":0.8799999952316284,"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/7"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":11,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1977083402","https://openalex.org/W2100602452","https://openalex.org/W2101656718","https://openalex.org/W2104985998","https://openalex.org/W2114004602","https://openalex.org/W2800846596","https://openalex.org/W2899439920","https://openalex.org/W2903783951","https://openalex.org/W2906042634","https://openalex.org/W2946609658","https://openalex.org/W6675344052"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2899084033","https://openalex.org/W1981172515","https://openalex.org/W2332151007","https://openalex.org/W3021097450","https://openalex.org/W2116615716","https://openalex.org/W2768655412","https://openalex.org/W3149668621","https://openalex.org/W2347985442","https://openalex.org/W2392175680","https://openalex.org/W2349241349"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Scalability":[0],"of":[1,14,79,85,116],"implantable":[2],"neural":[3,74],"interface":[4],"devices":[5],"is":[6,29],"a":[7,47,57,69,137],"critical":[8],"bottleneck":[9],"in":[10,76,159],"enhancing":[11],"the":[12,77,152],"performance":[13,155],"cortical":[15,26],"Brain-Computer":[16],"Interfaces":[17],"(BCIs)":[18],"through":[19,33],"access":[20],"to":[21,31,102,143,145],"high":[22],"density":[23],"and":[24,44,46,95,114,131,157,162],"multi-areal":[25],"signals.":[27],"This":[28],"challenging":[30],"achieve":[32],"current":[34],"monolithic":[35],"constructs":[36],"with":[37,41,88],"100-200":[38],"channels,":[39],"often":[40],"bulky":[42],"tethering":[43],"packaging,":[45],"spatially":[48],"distributed":[49],"sensor":[50],"approach":[51],"has":[52],"recently":[53],"been":[54],"explored":[55],"by":[56,136],"few":[58],"groups,":[59],"including":[60],"our":[61],"laboratories":[62],"[1].":[63],"In":[64],"this":[65],"paper,":[66],"we":[67],"describe":[68,151],"microscale":[70],"(500":[71],"\u03bcm)":[72],"programmable":[73],"stimulator":[75],"context":[78],"an":[80],"epicortical":[81],"wireless":[82,89],"networked":[83],"system":[84],"sub-mm":[86],"\"Neurograins\"":[87],"energy":[90],"harvesting":[91],"(near":[92],"1":[93],"GHz)":[94],"bidirectional":[96],"telemetry.":[97],"Stimulation":[98],"neurograins":[99],"are":[100,118,134],"post-processed":[101],"integrate":[103],"poly(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene)":[104],"polystyrene":[105],"sulfonate":[106],"(PEDOT:PSS)":[107],"planar":[108],"electrodes":[109],"or":[110],"intracortical":[111],"penetrating":[112],"microwires,":[113],"ensembles":[115],"microdevices":[117],"hermetically":[119],"encapsulated":[120],"using":[121],"liquid-crystal":[122],"polymer":[123],"(LCP)":[124],"thermocompression":[125],"for":[126],"chronic":[127,146],"implantability.":[128],"Radio-frequency":[129],"power":[130],"telecommunications":[132],"management":[133],"handled":[135],"wearable":[138],"external":[139],"\"Epidermal":[140],"Skinpatch\"":[141],"unit":[142],"cater":[144],"clinical":[147],"implant":[148],"considerations.":[149],"We":[150],"stimulation":[153],"neurograin":[154],"specifications":[156],"proof-of-concept":[158],"bench":[160],"top":[161],"ex":[163],"vivo":[164],"rodent":[165],"platforms.":[166]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-04-09T06:08:40.794217","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
