{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2980229846","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2019.8856710","title":"A Transition Probability Based Classification Model for Enhanced N1 Sleep stage Identification During Automatic Sleep Stage Scoring","display_name":"A Transition Probability Based Classification Model for Enhanced N1 Sleep stage Identification During Automatic Sleep Stage Scoring","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2980229846","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2019.8856710","mag":"2980229846","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31946665"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc.2019.8856710","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2019.8856710","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 41st Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5033945689","display_name":"Harry J. Davies","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7506-2300"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Harry J. Davies","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College, London, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016678006","display_name":"Takashi Nakamura","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7354-2279"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Takashi Nakamura","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College, London, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5103001848","display_name":"Danilo P. Mandic","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8432-3963"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I47508984","display_name":"Imperial College London","ror":"https://ror.org/041kmwe10","country_code":"GB","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}],"countries":["GB"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Danilo P. Mandic","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College, London, UK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering, Imperial College, London, UK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5033945689"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I47508984"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4864,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":11,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.63504084,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"2019","issue":null,"first_page":"3641","last_page":"3644"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9987000226974487,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10985","display_name":"Sleep and Wakefulness Research","score":0.9977999925613403,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10234","display_name":"Obstructive Sleep Apnea Research","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2737","display_name":"Physiology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/polysomnography","display_name":"Polysomnography","score":0.7247597575187683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sleep-stages","display_name":"Sleep Stages","score":0.6921571493148804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6627597808837891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.6471343040466309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6386704444885254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sleep","display_name":"Sleep (system call)","score":0.563487708568573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.5564438104629517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cohens-kappa","display_name":"Cohen's kappa","score":0.5222076773643494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stage","display_name":"Stage (stratigraphy)","score":0.5041137933731079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/kappa","display_name":"Kappa","score":0.5031258463859558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.4735017418861389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.43384701013565063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.35223400592803955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electroencephalography","display_name":"Electroencephalography","score":0.33344513177871704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.1980770230293274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.1592991054058075}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778205975","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1754874","display_name":"Polysomnography","level":3,"score":0.7247597575187683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2910364982","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35831","display_name":"Sleep Stages","level":4,"score":0.6921571493148804},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6627597808837891},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.6471343040466309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6386704444885254},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775841894","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4683692","display_name":"Sleep (system call)","level":2,"score":0.563487708568573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.5564438104629517},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C163864269","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1107106","display_name":"Cohen's kappa","level":2,"score":0.5222076773643494},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C146357865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1123245","display_name":"Stage (stratigraphy)","level":2,"score":0.5041137933731079},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778724333","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14401","display_name":"Kappa","level":2,"score":0.5031258463859558},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.4735017418861389},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.43384701013565063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.35223400592803955},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522805319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965","display_name":"Electroencephalography","level":2,"score":0.33344513177871704},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.1980770230293274},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.1592991054058075},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2524010","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8087","display_name":"Geometry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C151730666","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7205","display_name":"Paleontology","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003198","descriptor_name":"Computer Simulation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008962","descriptor_name":"Models, Theoretical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008962","descriptor_name":"Models, Theoretical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008962","descriptor_name":"Models, Theoretical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D011336","descriptor_name":"Probability","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011336","descriptor_name":"Probability","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011336","descriptor_name":"Probability","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012894","descriptor_name":"Sleep Stages","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012894","descriptor_name":"Sleep Stages","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012894","descriptor_name":"Sleep Stages","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D014851","descriptor_name":"Wakefulness","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014851","descriptor_name":"Wakefulness","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014851","descriptor_name":"Wakefulness","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017286","descriptor_name":"Polysomnography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017286","descriptor_name":"Polysomnography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017286","descriptor_name":"Polysomnography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc.2019.8856710","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2019.8856710","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 41st Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmid:31946665","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31946665","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/G8717732828","display_name":null,"funder_award_id":"2124521","funder_id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","funder_display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council"}],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320334627","display_name":"Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council","ror":"https://ror.org/0439y7842"}],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W319871446","https://openalex.org/W1967286340","https://openalex.org/W2023817852","https://openalex.org/W2101234009","https://openalex.org/W2109158871","https://openalex.org/W2143159308","https://openalex.org/W2318065579","https://openalex.org/W2344257056","https://openalex.org/W2588327383","https://openalex.org/W2626881725","https://openalex.org/W2739093060","https://openalex.org/W2771338643","https://openalex.org/W2806077392","https://openalex.org/W2896966314","https://openalex.org/W4242905414","https://openalex.org/W6675354045","https://openalex.org/W6741357806"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1967594194","https://openalex.org/W1444168786","https://openalex.org/W2294084971","https://openalex.org/W2148964467","https://openalex.org/W2281321759","https://openalex.org/W2474048269","https://openalex.org/W2792864698","https://openalex.org/W1966976587","https://openalex.org/W2292870489","https://openalex.org/W4294214983"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Automatic":[0],"sleep":[1,13,30,38,46,63,73,92],"staging":[2],"provides":[3],"a":[4,24,89,133,141,200,207],"cheaper,":[5],"faster":[6],"and":[7,15,54,113,132,153,174,180,216],"more":[8],"accessible":[9],"alternative":[10],"for":[11],"evaluating":[12],"patterns":[14,39],"quality":[16],"compared":[17],"with":[18,137,199],"manual":[19],"hypnogram":[20],"scoring":[21],"performed":[22],"by":[23,104,145,196],"clinician.":[25],"Traditionally,":[26],"classification":[27,48,93,99,198],"methods":[28],"treat":[29],"stages":[31,112,118],"independently":[32],"of":[33,72,77,81,110,186,210,221],"their":[34,122],"temporal":[35,108],"order,":[36],"despite":[37],"themselves":[40],"being":[41],"highly":[42],"sequential.":[43],"Such":[44],"independent":[45],"stage":[47,64,71,219],"can":[49],"result":[50],"in":[51,56,121,149,163,170,177,184],"poor":[52],"sensitivity":[53,152],"precision,":[55],"particular":[57],"when":[58],"attempting":[59],"to":[60,79,97,168],"classify":[61],"the":[62,69,107,115,146,187],"N1,":[65],"otherwise":[66],"known":[67],"as":[68,119],"transition":[70,91,197],"which":[74,95,205],"links":[75],"periods":[76,80],"wakefulness":[78],"deep":[82],"sleep.":[83],"To":[84],"this":[85],"end,":[86],"we":[87],"propose":[88],"novel":[90],"method":[94,148],"aims":[96],"improve":[98],"accuracy.":[100],"This":[101,159],"is":[102,194],"achieved":[103,144,206],"utilising":[105],"both":[106,150,178],"information":[109],"previous":[111],"treating":[114],"transitions":[116],"between":[117],"classes":[120],"own":[123],"right.":[124],"Simulations":[125],"on":[126],"publicly":[127],"available":[128],"polysomnography":[129],"(PSG)":[130],"data":[131],"comprehensive":[134],"performance":[135,193],"comparison":[136],"standard":[138],"classifiers":[139],"demonstrate":[140],"marked":[142],"improvement":[143],"proposed":[147],"N1":[151,164,218],"precision":[154,165,220],"across":[155],"all":[156],"considered":[157],"classifiers.":[158,189],"includes":[160],"an":[161,171,175,217],"increase":[162,176],"from":[166],"0.01%":[167],"36.75%":[169],"MLP":[172],"classifier,":[173],"accuracy":[179],"Cohen's":[181],"kappa":[182,208],"value":[183,209],"two":[185],"three":[188],"Overall":[190],"best":[191],"mean":[192],"obtained":[195],"random":[201],"forest":[202],"classifier":[203],"(RF)":[204],"\u03ba":[211],"=":[212],"0.75":[213],"(substantial":[214],"agreement),":[215],"58%.":[222]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}