{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2979650466","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2019.8856386","title":"Decoding Mental Workload in Virtual Environments: A fNIRS Study using an Immersive n-back Task","display_name":"Decoding Mental Workload in Virtual Environments: A fNIRS Study using an Immersive n-back Task","publication_year":2019,"publication_date":"2019-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2979650466","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2019.8856386","mag":"2979650466","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31946544"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc.2019.8856386","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2019.8856386","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 41st Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://cris.maastrichtuniversity.nl/en/publications/64145d04-b506-4eb0-b2d1-cf31aa397a93","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010913778","display_name":"Felix Putze","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5203-8797"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180437899","display_name":"University of Bremen","ror":"https://ror.org/04ers2y35","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180437899"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Felix Putze","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cognitive Systems Lab, University of Bremen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cognitive Systems Lab, University of Bremen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180437899"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5068003279","display_name":"Christian Herff","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5610-2618"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I34352273","display_name":"Maastricht University","ror":"https://ror.org/02jz4aj89","country_code":"NL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I34352273"]}],"countries":["NL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christian Herff","raw_affiliation_strings":["School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I34352273"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083865303","display_name":"Christoph Tremmel","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0324-6626"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I81365321","display_name":"Old Dominion University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zjtrb98","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I81365321"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christoph Tremmel","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biomedical Engineerng Program, Old Dominion University (ODU), Norfolk, VA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biomedical Engineerng Program, Old Dominion University (ODU), Norfolk, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I81365321"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058049725","display_name":"Tanja Schultz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9809-7028"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180437899","display_name":"University of Bremen","ror":"https://ror.org/04ers2y35","country_code":"DE","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180437899"]}],"countries":["DE"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Tanja Schultz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cognitive Systems Lab, University of Bremen, Germany"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cognitive Systems Lab, University of Bremen, Germany","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180437899"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019451083","display_name":"Dean J. Krusienski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4668-5784"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I184840846","display_name":"Virginia Commonwealth University","ror":"https://ror.org/02nkdxk79","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I184840846"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Dean J. Krusienski","raw_affiliation_strings":["ASPEN Lab, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Richmond, VA, USA"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"ASPEN Lab, Virginia Commonwealth University (VCU), Richmond, VA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I184840846"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":3,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.8119,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":28,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.90632586,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"2019","issue":null,"first_page":"3103","last_page":"3106"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10977","display_name":"Optical Imaging and Spectroscopy Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10977","display_name":"Optical Imaging and Spectroscopy Techniques","score":0.9995999932289124,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":0.9968000054359436,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":0.9951000213623047,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/workload","display_name":"Workload","score":0.7919650673866272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7453384399414062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virtual-reality","display_name":"Virtual reality","score":0.7426484823226929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.6301991939544678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human\u2013computer-interaction","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","score":0.5719942450523376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decoding-methods","display_name":"Decoding methods","score":0.4405781030654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/multimedia","display_name":"Multimedia","score":0.3898037374019623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.06262022256851196}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778476105","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q628539","display_name":"Workload","level":2,"score":0.7919650673866272},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7453384399414062},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C194969405","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q170519","display_name":"Virtual reality","level":2,"score":0.7426484823226929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.6301991939544678},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107457646","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207434","display_name":"Human\u2013computer interaction","level":1,"score":0.5719942450523376},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C57273362","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q576722","display_name":"Decoding methods","level":2,"score":0.4405781030654907},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49774154","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131765","display_name":"Multimedia","level":1,"score":0.3898037374019623},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.06262022256851196},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C111919701","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9135","display_name":"Operating system","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C76155785","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q418","display_name":"Telecommunications","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000076142","descriptor_name":"Virtual Reality","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000076142","descriptor_name":"Virtual Reality","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000076142","descriptor_name":"Virtual Reality","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001921","descriptor_name":"Brain","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001921","descriptor_name":"Brain","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001921","descriptor_name":"Brain","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008606","descriptor_name":"Mental Processes","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008606","descriptor_name":"Mental Processes","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008606","descriptor_name":"Mental Processes","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016526","descriptor_name":"Workload","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016526","descriptor_name":"Workload","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016526","descriptor_name":"Workload","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019265","descriptor_name":"Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019265","descriptor_name":"Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D019265","descriptor_name":"Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc.2019.8856386","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2019.8856386","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2019 41st Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmid:31946544","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/31946544","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:cris.maastrichtuniversity.nl:openaire/64145d04-b506-4eb0-b2d1-cf31aa397a93","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://cris.maastrichtuniversity.nl/en/publications/64145d04-b506-4eb0-b2d1-cf31aa397a93","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402616","display_name":"Research Publications (Maastricht University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I34352273","host_organization_name":"Maastricht University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I34352273"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Putze, F, Herff, C, Tremmel, C, Schultz, T & Krusienski, D J 2019, Decoding Mental Workload in Virtual Environments: A fNIRS Study using an Immersive n-back Task. in 2019 41ST ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY (EMBC). IEEE Xplore, pp. 3103-3106. https://doi.org/10.1109/EMBC.2019.8856386","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:cris.maastrichtuniversity.nl:openaire/64145d04-b506-4eb0-b2d1-cf31aa397a93","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://cris.maastrichtuniversity.nl/en/publications/64145d04-b506-4eb0-b2d1-cf31aa397a93","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402616","display_name":"Research Publications (Maastricht University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I34352273","host_organization_name":"Maastricht University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I34352273"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":"other-oa","license_id":"https://openalex.org/licenses/other-oa","version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Putze, F, Herff, C, Tremmel, C, Schultz, T & Krusienski, D J 2019, Decoding Mental Workload in Virtual Environments: A fNIRS Study using an Immersive n-back Task. in 2019 41ST ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY (EMBC). IEEE Xplore, pp. 3103-3106. https://doi.org/10.1109/EMBC.2019.8856386","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersion"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311672","display_name":"Old Dominion University","ror":"https://ror.org/04zjtrb98"},{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320321016","display_name":"Universiteit Maastricht","ror":"https://ror.org/02jz4aj89"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1582723912","https://openalex.org/W1976015523","https://openalex.org/W1984342400","https://openalex.org/W1992759203","https://openalex.org/W2007333865","https://openalex.org/W2013104741","https://openalex.org/W2023324017","https://openalex.org/W2091337500","https://openalex.org/W2112290235","https://openalex.org/W2141088043","https://openalex.org/W2144183573","https://openalex.org/W2165201535","https://openalex.org/W2170183828","https://openalex.org/W2201454575","https://openalex.org/W2231015243","https://openalex.org/W2282299048","https://openalex.org/W2396839005","https://openalex.org/W2402939184","https://openalex.org/W2582344151","https://openalex.org/W2734549536","https://openalex.org/W2752292214","https://openalex.org/W2777517149","https://openalex.org/W2979692815","https://openalex.org/W6746751619"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W986318368","https://openalex.org/W2000785801","https://openalex.org/W2384410913","https://openalex.org/W2352878646","https://openalex.org/W2990194547","https://openalex.org/W2004734601","https://openalex.org/W2130149817","https://openalex.org/W1480123525","https://openalex.org/W2620865396","https://openalex.org/W2414054180"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Virtual":[0],"Reality":[1],"(VR)":[2],"has":[3],"emerged":[4],"as":[5],"a":[6,45],"novel":[7],"paradigm":[8],"for":[9],"immersive":[10,55,74],"applications":[11],"in":[12,39,53,73],"training,":[13],"entertainment,":[14],"rehabilitation,":[15],"and":[16,79],"other":[17],"domains.":[18],"In":[19],"this":[20],"paper,":[21],"we":[22],"investigate":[23],"the":[24,49],"automatic":[25],"classification":[26],"of":[27],"mental":[28],"workload":[29,66],"from":[30,44,70],"brain":[31],"activity":[32],"measured":[33],"through":[34],"functional":[35],"near-infrared":[36],"spectroscopy":[37],"(fNIRS)":[38],"VR.":[40],"We":[41],"present":[42],"results":[43,62],"study":[46],"which":[47],"implements":[48],"established":[50],"n-back":[51],"task":[52],"an":[54],"visual":[56],"scene,":[57],"including":[58],"physical":[59],"interaction.":[60],"Our":[61],"show":[63],"that":[64],"user":[65],"can":[67],"be":[68],"detected":[69],"fNIRS":[71],"signals":[72],"VR":[75],"tasks":[76],"both":[77],"person-dependently":[78],"-adaptively.":[80]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
