{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2898721119","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2018.8513286","title":"Doubling the Signal Quality of Smartphone Camera Pulse Oximetry Using the Display Screen as a Controllable Selective Light Source","display_name":"Doubling the Signal Quality of Smartphone Camera Pulse Oximetry Using the Display Screen as a Controllable Selective Light Source","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2898721119","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2018.8513286","mag":"2898721119","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30440314"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc.2018.8513286","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2018.8513286","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2018 40th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5046815740","display_name":"Christian Holz","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9655-9519"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290206253","display_name":"Microsoft (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Christian Holz","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA, US"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA, US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5075016938","display_name":"Eyal Ofek","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4750-1569"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1290206253","display_name":"Microsoft (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/00d0nc645","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Eyal Ofek","raw_affiliation_strings":["Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA, US"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Microsoft Research, Redmond, WA, US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5046815740"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1290206253"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.3341,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.5868633,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"2018","issue":null,"first_page":"1","last_page":"4"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11196","display_name":"Non-Invasive Vital Sign Monitoring","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T13248","display_name":"Healthcare Technology and Patient Monitoring","score":0.9919000267982483,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2746","display_name":"Surgery"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10745","display_name":"Heart Rate Variability and Autonomic Control","score":0.9890000224113464,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2705","display_name":"Cardiology and Cardiovascular Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/flash","display_name":"Flash (photography)","score":0.64876389503479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6077256798744202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.5711156725883484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5518888235092163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pulse-oximetry","display_name":"Pulse oximetry","score":0.5345021486282349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/standard-illuminant","display_name":"Standard illuminant","score":0.5272019505500793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/camera-phone","display_name":"Camera phone","score":0.5197365283966064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/contrast","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","score":0.47746017575263977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sensitivity","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","score":0.4534168839454651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/signal","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","score":0.4452908933162689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/optics","display_name":"Optics","score":0.38126927614212036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-graphics","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","score":0.3493252992630005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.16411378979682922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.15312251448631287}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777526259","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q221836","display_name":"Flash (photography)","level":2,"score":0.64876389503479},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6077256798744202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.5711156725883484},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5518888235092163},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780124106","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1140495","display_name":"Pulse oximetry","level":2,"score":0.5345021486282349},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C129112856","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q375479","display_name":"Standard illuminant","level":2,"score":0.5272019505500793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C147942929","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210820","display_name":"Camera phone","level":2,"score":0.5197365283966064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776502983","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q690182","display_name":"Contrast (vision)","level":2,"score":0.47746017575263977},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C21200559","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7451068","display_name":"Sensitivity (control systems)","level":2,"score":0.4534168839454651},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779843651","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7390335","display_name":"SIGNAL (programming language)","level":2,"score":0.4452908933162689},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C120665830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q14620","display_name":"Optics","level":1,"score":0.38126927614212036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121684516","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7600677","display_name":"Computer graphics (images)","level":1,"score":0.3493252992630005},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.16411378979682922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.15312251448631287},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C199360897","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9143","display_name":"Programming language","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24326235","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q126095","display_name":"Electronic engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42219234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q131130","display_name":"Anesthesia","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000068997","descriptor_name":"Smartphone","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000068997","descriptor_name":"Smartphone","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000068997","descriptor_name":"Smartphone","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D003116","descriptor_name":"Color","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003116","descriptor_name":"Color","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003116","descriptor_name":"Color","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006339","descriptor_name":"Heart Rate","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006339","descriptor_name":"Heart Rate","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006339","descriptor_name":"Heart Rate","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010092","descriptor_name":"Oximetry","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010092","descriptor_name":"Oximetry","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010092","descriptor_name":"Oximetry","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010108","descriptor_name":"Oxyhemoglobins","qualifier_ui":"Q000032","qualifier_name":"analysis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010108","descriptor_name":"Oxyhemoglobins","qualifier_ui":"Q000032","qualifier_name":"analysis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010108","descriptor_name":"Oxyhemoglobins","qualifier_ui":"Q000032","qualifier_name":"analysis","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc.2018.8513286","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2018.8513286","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2018 40th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmid:30440314","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30440314","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:openaire_cris_publications/dfdbb823-f818-4905-9cb5-d4dcc5444f81","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://research.birmingham.ac.uk/en/publications/dfdbb823-f818-4905-9cb5-d4dcc5444f81","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306402634","display_name":"University of Birmingham Research Portal (University of Birmingham)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I79619799","host_organization_name":"University of Birmingham","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I79619799"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Holz , C & Ofek , E 2018 , Doubling the signal quality of smartphone camera pulse oximetry using the display screen as a controllable selective light source . in 2018 40th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC) . pp. 1-4 .","raw_type":"contributionToPeriodical"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W66151380","https://openalex.org/W1945430487","https://openalex.org/W1978998204","https://openalex.org/W1979316402","https://openalex.org/W2003922338","https://openalex.org/W2008510355","https://openalex.org/W2044936174","https://openalex.org/W2060642847","https://openalex.org/W2134067710","https://openalex.org/W2148744889","https://openalex.org/W2313568692","https://openalex.org/W2541094655","https://openalex.org/W2754779781","https://openalex.org/W4307050124","https://openalex.org/W6681827683","https://openalex.org/W6846081484"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4378218814","https://openalex.org/W2169565872","https://openalex.org/W2125997383","https://openalex.org/W2086480935","https://openalex.org/W24761535","https://openalex.org/W2141064695","https://openalex.org/W830216772","https://openalex.org/W164484593","https://openalex.org/W2067310891","https://openalex.org/W1981867640"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Recent":[0],"smartphones":[1,38],"have":[2],"the":[3,16,40,57,61,75,86,92,99,107,111,124,128,134,140,143,146],"potential":[4],"to":[5,9,18,74,155],"bring":[6],"camera":[7,35,62,88],"oximetry":[8,29,36],"everyone":[10],"using":[11,60,85,114],"their":[12],"powerful":[13],"sensors":[14],"and":[15,47,89,102,131,167],"capability":[17],"process":[19],"measurements":[20],"in":[21,78,98,117,145],"real-time,":[22],"potentially":[23],"augmenting":[24],"people's":[25],"lives":[26],"through":[27],"always-available":[28],"monitoring":[30],"everywhere.":[31],"The":[32],"challenge":[33],"of":[34,59,110,127,152],"on":[37],"is":[39,56],"low":[41],"contrast":[42,77,141],"between":[43,142],"reflections":[44,144],"from":[45],"oxyhemoglobin":[46],"deoxyhemoglobin.":[48],"In":[49],"this":[50,55],"paper,":[51],"we":[52,81],"show":[53,132],"that":[54,133],"result":[58],"flash":[63,156],"for":[64,164],"illumination,":[65],"which":[66],"illuminates":[67],"evenly":[68],"across":[69],"bands":[70,148],"than":[71],"thus":[72],"leads":[73],"diminished":[76],"reflections.":[79],"Instead,":[80],"propose":[82],"capturing":[83],"pulse":[84],"front-facing":[87],"illuminating":[90],"with":[91,123],"phone's":[93,129],"display,":[94],"a":[95,115,118,150],"selective":[96],"illuminant":[97],"red,":[100],"green,":[101],"blue":[103],"band.":[104],"We":[105],"evaluate":[106],"spectral":[108],"characteristics":[109],"phone":[112],"display":[113,137],"spectroradiometer":[116],"controlled":[119],"experiment,":[120],"convolve":[121],"them":[122],"sensitivity":[125],"curves":[126],"camera,":[130],"screen's":[135],"narrow-band":[136],"illumination":[138],"increases":[139],"desired":[147],"by":[149],"factor":[151],"two":[153],"compared":[154],"illumination.":[157],"Our":[158],"preliminary":[159],"evaluation":[160],"showed":[161],"further":[162],"support":[163],"our":[165],"approach":[166],"findings.":[168]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-04-04T16:13:02.066488","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}