{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2899290839","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2018.8513102","title":"Deep Unsupervised Representation Learning for Abnormal Heart Sound Classification","display_name":"Deep Unsupervised Representation Learning for Abnormal Heart Sound Classification","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2899290839","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2018.8513102","mag":"2899290839","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30441416"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc.2018.8513102","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2018.8513102","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2018 40th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":true,"oa_status":"green","oa_url":"https://opus.bibliothek.uni-augsburg.de/opus4/files/44186/44186.pdf","any_repository_has_fulltext":true},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010754413","display_name":"Shahin Amiriparian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1129-8223"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119916105","display_name":"Augsburg University","ror":"https://ror.org/057ewhh68","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119916105"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Shahin Amiriparian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universitat Augsburg, Augsburg, Bayern, DE"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universitat Augsburg, Augsburg, Bayern, DE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119916105"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5019825395","display_name":"Maximilian Schmitt","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7453-5612"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119916105","display_name":"Augsburg University","ror":"https://ror.org/057ewhh68","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119916105"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maximilian Schmitt","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universitat Augsburg, Augsburg, Bayern, DE"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universitat Augsburg, Augsburg, Bayern, DE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119916105"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5090485343","display_name":"Nicholas Cummins","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1178-917X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119916105","display_name":"Augsburg University","ror":"https://ror.org/057ewhh68","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119916105"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Nicholas Cummins","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universitat Augsburg, Augsburg, Bayern, DE"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universitat Augsburg, Augsburg, Bayern, DE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119916105"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032971738","display_name":"Kun Qian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1918-6453"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119916105","display_name":"Augsburg University","ror":"https://ror.org/057ewhh68","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119916105"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Kun Qian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universitat Augsburg, Augsburg, Bayern, DE"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universitat Augsburg, Augsburg, Bayern, DE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119916105"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5102402527","display_name":"Fengquan Dong","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I180726961","display_name":"Shenzhen University","ror":"https://ror.org/01vy4gh70","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Fengquan Dong","raw_affiliation_strings":["Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen, P. R. China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Shenzhen University General Hospital, Shenzhen, P. R. China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I180726961"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043060302","display_name":"Bj\u00f6rn W. Schuller","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6478-8699"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I119916105","display_name":"Augsburg University","ror":"https://ror.org/057ewhh68","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119916105"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Bjorn Schuller","raw_affiliation_strings":["Universitat Augsburg, Augsburg, Bayern, DE"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Universitat Augsburg, Augsburg, Bayern, DE","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119916105"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":6,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5010754413"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I119916105"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":2.9375,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":37,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.91689442,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":91,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"2018","issue":null,"first_page":"4776","last_page":"4779"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12419","display_name":"Phonocardiography and Auscultation Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12419","display_name":"Phonocardiography and Auscultation Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11309","display_name":"Music and Audio Processing","score":0.978600025177002,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phonocardiogram","display_name":"Phonocardiogram","score":0.9541911482810974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6873822212219238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.666114866733551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6588214635848999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/recall","display_name":"Recall","score":0.5924314856529236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-learning","display_name":"Feature learning","score":0.5216489434242249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.5118138194084167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.48858246207237244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.48121407628059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.46208852529525757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/partition","display_name":"Partition (number theory)","score":0.4579433798789978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/heart-sounds","display_name":"Heart sounds","score":0.4562474489212036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/unsupervised-learning","display_name":"Unsupervised learning","score":0.4277804493904114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.42008721828460693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.13713675737380981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.08831474184989929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.07641097903251648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.07377848029136658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cardiology","display_name":"Cardiology","score":0.06042882800102234}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159693508","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3301075","display_name":"Phonocardiogram","level":2,"score":0.9541911482810974},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6873822212219238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.666114866733551},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6588214635848999},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C100660578","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18733","display_name":"Recall","level":2,"score":0.5924314856529236},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C59404180","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17013334","display_name":"Feature learning","level":2,"score":0.5216489434242249},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.5118138194084167},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.48858246207237244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.48121407628059387},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.46208852529525757},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C42812","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1082910","display_name":"Partition (number theory)","level":2,"score":0.4579433798789978},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779435589","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q967103","display_name":"Heart sounds","level":2,"score":0.4562474489212036},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C8038995","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1152135","display_name":"Unsupervised learning","level":2,"score":0.4277804493904114},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.42008721828460693},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.13713675737380981},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.08831474184989929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.07641097903251648},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.07377848029136658},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C164705383","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q10379","display_name":"Cardiology","level":1,"score":0.06042882800102234},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C180747234","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q23373","display_name":"Cognitive psychology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C114614502","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q76592","display_name":"Combinatorics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000077321","descriptor_name":"Deep Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006347","descriptor_name":"Heart Sounds","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006347","descriptor_name":"Heart Sounds","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006347","descriptor_name":"Heart Sounds","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc.2018.8513102","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2018.8513102","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2018 40th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmid:30441416","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30441416","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:uni-augsburg.opus-bayern.de:44186","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:bvb:384-opus4-441865","pdf_url":"https://opus.bibliothek.uni-augsburg.de/opus4/files/44186/44186.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400930","display_name":"OPUS (Augsburg University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I119916105","host_organization_name":"Augsburg University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119916105"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"conferenceobject"}],"best_oa_location":{"id":"pmh:oai:uni-augsburg.opus-bayern.de:44186","is_oa":true,"landing_page_url":"https://nbn-resolving.org/urn:nbn:de:bvb:384-opus4-441865","pdf_url":"https://opus.bibliothek.uni-augsburg.de/opus4/files/44186/44186.pdf","source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306400930","display_name":"OPUS (Augsburg University)","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I119916105","host_organization_name":"Augsburg University","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I119916105"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"","raw_type":"conferenceobject"},"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":true,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":{"pdf":"https://content.openalex.org/works/W2899290839.pdf"},"referenced_works_count":24,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1522301498","https://openalex.org/W1943579973","https://openalex.org/W2090777335","https://openalex.org/W2095705004","https://openalex.org/W2130942839","https://openalex.org/W2133990480","https://openalex.org/W2144005487","https://openalex.org/W2163922914","https://openalex.org/W2557139718","https://openalex.org/W2592046076","https://openalex.org/W2594745624","https://openalex.org/W2612919868","https://openalex.org/W2622526092","https://openalex.org/W2756296795","https://openalex.org/W2915142973","https://openalex.org/W2963194800","https://openalex.org/W2963614358","https://openalex.org/W2964121744","https://openalex.org/W6631190155","https://openalex.org/W6674330103","https://openalex.org/W6679436768","https://openalex.org/W6734269609","https://openalex.org/W6746941363","https://openalex.org/W7043259713"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2152419616","https://openalex.org/W2728656984","https://openalex.org/W1506440961","https://openalex.org/W2018728702","https://openalex.org/W1972136701","https://openalex.org/W2563931857","https://openalex.org/W2182974840","https://openalex.org/W2083083343","https://openalex.org/W2066804906","https://openalex.org/W2792997810"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Given":[0],"the":[1,7,41,64,79,86,105,118],"world-wide":[2],"prevalence":[3],"of":[4,12,30,45,66,97,115],"heart":[5,14],"disease,":[6],"robust":[8],"and":[9,23,32,49],"automatic":[10],"detection":[11],"abnormal":[13],"sounds":[15],"could":[16],"have":[17],"profound":[18],"effects":[19],"on":[20,78,85,117],"patient":[21],"care":[22],"outcomes.":[24],"In":[25,60],"this":[26],"regard,":[27],"a":[28,94],"comparison":[29],"conventional":[31],"state-of-theart":[33],"deep":[34,67,98],"learning":[35],"based":[36,77],"computer":[37],"audition":[38],"paradigms":[39],"for":[40],"audio":[42],"classification":[43,107],"task":[44],"normal,":[46],"mild":[47],"abnormalities,":[48],"moderate/severe":[50],"abnormalities":[51],"as":[52,70],"present":[53],"in":[54],"phonocardiogram":[55],"recordings,":[56],"is":[57,101],"presented":[58],"herein.":[59],"particular,":[61],"we":[62],"explore":[63],"suitability":[65],"feature":[68],"representations":[69],"learnt":[71],"by":[72],"sequence":[73,75],"to":[74,104],"autoencoders":[76],"auDeep":[80],"toolkit.":[81],"Key":[82],"results,":[83],"gained":[84],"new":[87],"Heart":[88],"Sounds":[89],"Shenzhen":[90],"corpus,":[91],"indicate":[92],"that":[93],"fused":[95],"combination":[96],"unsupervised":[99],"features":[100],"well":[102],"suited":[103],"three-way":[106],"problem,":[108],"achieving":[109],"our":[110],"highest":[111],"unweighted":[112],"average":[113],"recall":[114],"47.9%":[116],"test":[119],"partition.":[120]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":5}],"updated_date":"2026-04-10T15:06:20.359241","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}