{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2898955532","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2018.8512445","title":"Single Neuron Firing Rate Statistics in Motor Cortex During Execution and Observation of Movement","display_name":"Single Neuron Firing Rate Statistics in Motor Cortex During Execution and Observation of Movement","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2898955532","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2018.8512445","mag":"2898955532","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30440555"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc.2018.8512445","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2018.8512445","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2018 40th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5037559730","display_name":"Xiyuan Jiang","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3508-2221"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Xiyuan Jiang","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, US"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045559848","display_name":"Stephen I. Ryu","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4607-7447"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Stephen I. Ryu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA","Department of Neurosurgery at the Palo Alto, Medical Foundation, Palo Alto, CA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, CA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Neurosurgery at the Palo Alto, Medical Foundation, Palo Alto, CA","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004430663","display_name":"Krishna V. Shenoy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1534-9240"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Krishna V. Shenoy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Stanford University, Stanford, CA, US"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Stanford University, Stanford, CA, US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084007033","display_name":"Jonathan C. Kao","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9298-0143"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I161318765","display_name":"University of California, Los Angeles","ror":"https://ror.org/046rm7j60","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Jonathan C. Kao","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, US"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of California Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA, US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5037559730"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I161318765"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.11811732,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"487","issue":null,"first_page":"981","last_page":"986"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10423","display_name":"Neurobiology and Insect Physiology Research","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10423","display_name":"Neurobiology and Insect Physiology Research","score":0.998199999332428,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10581","display_name":"Neural dynamics and brain function","score":0.9973000288009644,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11431","display_name":"Action Observation and Synchronization","score":0.9972000122070312,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3207","display_name":"Social Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/movement","display_name":"Movement (music)","score":0.7427172660827637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/premotor-cortex","display_name":"Premotor cortex","score":0.7357202768325806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motor-cortex","display_name":"Motor cortex","score":0.6550309062004089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6266950368881226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/population","display_name":"Population","score":0.5956145524978638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/primary-motor-cortex","display_name":"Primary motor cortex","score":0.5876842737197876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuroscience","display_name":"Neuroscience","score":0.5504938364028931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/neuron","display_name":"Neuron","score":0.4829515814781189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.4626048803329468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dorsum","display_name":"Dorsum","score":0.3905947804450989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.36883699893951416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.2635622024536133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biology","display_name":"Biology","score":0.17691338062286377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.09899097681045532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/anatomy","display_name":"Anatomy","score":0.05950406193733215}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780226923","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q929848","display_name":"Movement (music)","level":2,"score":0.7427172660827637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779534489","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2998090","display_name":"Premotor cortex","level":3,"score":0.7357202768325806},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778373776","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18696","display_name":"Motor cortex","level":3,"score":0.6550309062004089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6266950368881226},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2908647359","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2625603","display_name":"Population","level":2,"score":0.5956145524978638},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780307956","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q18707","display_name":"Primary motor cortex","level":4,"score":0.5876842737197876},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169760540","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q207011","display_name":"Neuroscience","level":1,"score":0.5504938364028931},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778794669","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q43054","display_name":"Neuron","level":2,"score":0.4829515814781189},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.4626048803329468},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C140530291","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1225063","display_name":"Dorsum","level":2,"score":0.3905947804450989},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.36883699893951416},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.2635622024536133},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C86803240","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q420","display_name":"Biology","level":0,"score":0.17691338062286377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.09899097681045532},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105702510","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q514","display_name":"Anatomy","level":1,"score":0.05950406193733215},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24998067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4114622","display_name":"Stimulation","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C149923435","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q37732","display_name":"Demography","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C187736073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2920921","display_name":"Management","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C162324750","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8134","display_name":"Economics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000818","descriptor_name":"Animals","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008253","descriptor_name":"Macaca mulatta","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008253","descriptor_name":"Macaca mulatta","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008253","descriptor_name":"Macaca mulatta","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008297","descriptor_name":"Male","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009044","descriptor_name":"Motor Cortex","qualifier_ui":"Q000166","qualifier_name":"cytology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009044","descriptor_name":"Motor Cortex","qualifier_ui":"Q000166","qualifier_name":"cytology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009044","descriptor_name":"Motor Cortex","qualifier_ui":"Q000166","qualifier_name":"cytology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009044","descriptor_name":"Motor Cortex","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009044","descriptor_name":"Motor Cortex","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009044","descriptor_name":"Motor Cortex","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009068","descriptor_name":"Movement","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009068","descriptor_name":"Movement","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009068","descriptor_name":"Movement","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011597","descriptor_name":"Psychomotor Performance","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011597","descriptor_name":"Psychomotor Performance","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D011597","descriptor_name":"Psychomotor Performance","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D059167","descriptor_name":"Mirror Neurons","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D059167","descriptor_name":"Mirror Neurons","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D059167","descriptor_name":"Mirror Neurons","qualifier_ui":"Q000502","qualifier_name":"physiology","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc.2018.8512445","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2018.8512445","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2018 40th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmid:30440555","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30440555","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":45,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1526915519","https://openalex.org/W1904024272","https://openalex.org/W1966537851","https://openalex.org/W1969816573","https://openalex.org/W1970281014","https://openalex.org/W1970553443","https://openalex.org/W1974803102","https://openalex.org/W1977297673","https://openalex.org/W1996129448","https://openalex.org/W1998820849","https://openalex.org/W2016076292","https://openalex.org/W2028528833","https://openalex.org/W2034569242","https://openalex.org/W2034862290","https://openalex.org/W2036959900","https://openalex.org/W2039621768","https://openalex.org/W2051137788","https://openalex.org/W2056633619","https://openalex.org/W2069997836","https://openalex.org/W2087704839","https://openalex.org/W2088256340","https://openalex.org/W2091198925","https://openalex.org/W2094125104","https://openalex.org/W2104606932","https://openalex.org/W2110387210","https://openalex.org/W2117151438","https://openalex.org/W2123811638","https://openalex.org/W2126894902","https://openalex.org/W2135036523","https://openalex.org/W2136511704","https://openalex.org/W2144910141","https://openalex.org/W2157072490","https://openalex.org/W2160573966","https://openalex.org/W2166422604","https://openalex.org/W2168228040","https://openalex.org/W2170418363","https://openalex.org/W2171431653","https://openalex.org/W2223658335","https://openalex.org/W2259989138","https://openalex.org/W2500931054","https://openalex.org/W2569707862","https://openalex.org/W2755539359","https://openalex.org/W2786396068","https://openalex.org/W3022532439","https://openalex.org/W6675416801"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2016178319","https://openalex.org/W1657449297","https://openalex.org/W2043187980","https://openalex.org/W1995021148","https://openalex.org/W2992959671","https://openalex.org/W2085368083","https://openalex.org/W2027595995","https://openalex.org/W2033199584","https://openalex.org/W1997730257","https://openalex.org/W2990472463"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Mirror":[0],"neurons,":[1],"which":[2],"fire":[3],"during":[4,44,131,140],"both":[5,56],"the":[6,31,41,64,72,99,164,174],"execution":[7,46,88,117,196],"and":[8,22,33,47,58,81,89,104,118,187,197],"observation":[9,133],"of":[10,96,123,144,150,173],"movement,":[11],"are":[12],"believed":[13],"to":[14,29,79,138,192],"play":[15],"an":[16],"important":[17],"role":[18],"in":[19,35,40,98,163,185],"motor":[20,42,101],"processing":[21],"learning.":[23],"However,":[24],"much":[25],"work":[26],"still":[27],"remains":[28],"understand":[30],"similarities":[32],"differences":[34],"how":[36],"these":[37],"neurons":[38,97,130],"compute":[39],"cortex":[43,102,107],"movement":[45,87,116,132,141,151,159,193],"observation.":[48,90,119,198],"Here,":[49],"we":[50,76,126,154],"performed":[51],"experiments":[52],"where":[53],"a":[54,60,94,121,135,148,170],"monkey":[55],"executes":[57],"observes":[59],"center-out-and-back":[61],"task":[62],"within":[63],"same":[65,73],"experimental":[66],"session.":[67],"By":[68],"recording":[69],"from":[70],"putatively":[71],"neural":[74,165,183],"population,":[75,166],"were":[77],"able":[78],"analyze":[80],"compare":[82],"single":[83],"neuron":[84],"statistics":[85,114],"between":[86,115,195],"We":[91],"found":[92,155],"that":[93,156,182],"majority":[95],"primary":[100],"(M1)":[103],"dorsal":[105],"premotor":[106],"(PMd)":[108],"have":[109],"statistically":[110],"different":[111],"firing":[112,176],"rate":[113,177],"As":[120],"result":[122],"this":[124],"difference,":[125],"then":[127],"wondered":[128],"if":[129],"exhibited":[134],"similar":[136],"characteristic":[137],"those":[139],"execution:":[142],"changing":[143],"preferred":[145],"directions":[146],"as":[147],"function":[149],"speed.":[152],"Interestingly,":[153],"while":[157],"observed":[158],"speed":[160],"is":[161],"encoded":[162],"it":[167],"only":[168],"alters":[169],"small":[171],"proportion":[172],"neuron's":[175],"statistics.":[178],"These":[179],"results":[180],"suggest":[181],"populations":[184],"Ml":[186],"PMd":[188],"process":[189],"information":[190],"related":[191],"differently":[194]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}