{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2898828254","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2018.8512381","title":"Pose-Invariant Face Detection by Replacing Deep Neurons with Capsules for Thermal Imagery in Telemedicine","display_name":"Pose-Invariant Face Detection by Replacing Deep Neurons with Capsules for Thermal Imagery in Telemedicine","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2898828254","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2018.8512381","mag":"2898828254","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30440510"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc.2018.8512381","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2018.8512381","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2018 40th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043404759","display_name":"Alicja Kwa\u015bniewska","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6471-0595"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169333911","display_name":"Gda\u0144sk University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/006x4sc24","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169333911"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"A. Kwasniewska","raw_affiliation_strings":["Politechnika Gdanska, Gdansk, Wojew\u00c3\u00b3dztwo pomorskie, PL","Politechnika Gdanska, Gdansk, Wojew\u00f3dztwo pomorskie, PL"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Politechnika Gdanska, Gdansk, Wojew\u00c3\u00b3dztwo pomorskie, PL","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169333911"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Politechnika Gdanska, Gdansk, Wojew\u00f3dztwo pomorskie, PL","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169333911"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5044309467","display_name":"Jacek Rumi\u0144ski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-2266-0088"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169333911","display_name":"Gda\u0144sk University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/006x4sc24","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169333911"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"J. Ruminski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Politechnika Gdanska, Gdansk, Wojew\u00c3\u00b3dztwo pomorskie, PL","Politechnika Gdanska, Gdansk, Wojew\u00f3dztwo pomorskie, PL"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Politechnika Gdanska, Gdansk, Wojew\u00c3\u00b3dztwo pomorskie, PL","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169333911"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Politechnika Gdanska, Gdansk, Wojew\u00f3dztwo pomorskie, PL","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169333911"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5059919489","display_name":"Maciej Szankin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-2544-1393"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I1343180700","display_name":"Intel (United States)","ror":"https://ror.org/01ek73717","country_code":"US","type":"company","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"M. Szankin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Intel Corp, Santa Clara, CA, US"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Intel Corp, Santa Clara, CA, US","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I1343180700"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5013440487","display_name":"Krzysztof Czuszy\u0144ski","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8038-4785"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I169333911","display_name":"Gda\u0144sk University of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/006x4sc24","country_code":"PL","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I169333911"]}],"countries":["PL"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"K. Czuszynski","raw_affiliation_strings":["Politechnika Gdanska, Gdansk, Wojew\u00c3\u00b3dztwo pomorskie, PL","Politechnika Gdanska, Gdansk, Wojew\u00f3dztwo pomorskie, PL"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Politechnika Gdanska, Gdansk, Wojew\u00c3\u00b3dztwo pomorskie, PL","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169333911"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Politechnika Gdanska, Gdansk, Wojew\u00f3dztwo pomorskie, PL","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I169333911"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.0,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":0,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.12289865,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"10165","issue":null,"first_page":"778","last_page":"781"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11448","display_name":"Face recognition and analysis","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12994","display_name":"Infrared Thermography in Medicine","score":0.9950000047683716,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10331","display_name":"Video Surveillance and Tracking Methods","score":0.9943000078201294,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.8040685653686523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7673362493515015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.7403898239135742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7307764887809753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/invariant","display_name":"Invariant (physics)","score":0.6613630652427673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/rotation","display_name":"Rotation (mathematics)","score":0.5138859748840332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.49634701013565063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/displacement","display_name":"Displacement (psychology)","score":0.48894229531288147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3466026484966278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.11742615699768066}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.8040685653686523},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7673362493515015},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.7403898239135742},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7307764887809753},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C190470478","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2370229","display_name":"Invariant (physics)","level":2,"score":0.6613630652427673},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C74050887","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q848368","display_name":"Rotation (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.5138859748840332},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.49634701013565063},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C107551265","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1458245","display_name":"Displacement (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.48894229531288147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3466026484966278},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.11742615699768066},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C542102704","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q183257","display_name":"Psychotherapist","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C37914503","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q156495","display_name":"Mathematical physics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D002214","descriptor_name":"Capsules","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002214","descriptor_name":"Capsules","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002214","descriptor_name":"Capsules","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005145","descriptor_name":"Face","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005145","descriptor_name":"Face","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D005145","descriptor_name":"Face","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D009474","descriptor_name":"Neurons","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009474","descriptor_name":"Neurons","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009474","descriptor_name":"Neurons","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017216","descriptor_name":"Telemedicine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017216","descriptor_name":"Telemedicine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D017216","descriptor_name":"Telemedicine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc.2018.8512381","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2018.8512381","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2018 40th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmid:30440510","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30440510","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":35,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W54681442","https://openalex.org/W1528784850","https://openalex.org/W1604040841","https://openalex.org/W1934410531","https://openalex.org/W1970456555","https://openalex.org/W1976948919","https://openalex.org/W1996218095","https://openalex.org/W2014287504","https://openalex.org/W2024462240","https://openalex.org/W2027329213","https://openalex.org/W2042255880","https://openalex.org/W2155207409","https://openalex.org/W2158207625","https://openalex.org/W2164598857","https://openalex.org/W2169965057","https://openalex.org/W2183341477","https://openalex.org/W2502728837","https://openalex.org/W2512351403","https://openalex.org/W2581522377","https://openalex.org/W2597875610","https://openalex.org/W2601586974","https://openalex.org/W2740522638","https://openalex.org/W2775143585","https://openalex.org/W2885426888","https://openalex.org/W2963703618","https://openalex.org/W3104042626","https://openalex.org/W6631797395","https://openalex.org/W6636098519","https://openalex.org/W6656306408","https://openalex.org/W6686164453","https://openalex.org/W6732569071","https://openalex.org/W6743446608","https://openalex.org/W6747050675","https://openalex.org/W6753347867","https://openalex.org/W6785532477"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4293226380","https://openalex.org/W4321487865","https://openalex.org/W4313906399","https://openalex.org/W4391266461","https://openalex.org/W2590798552","https://openalex.org/W2811106690","https://openalex.org/W4239306820","https://openalex.org/W2947043951","https://openalex.org/W4399188509","https://openalex.org/W4312417841"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,116],"aim":[1],"of":[2,10,22,74,77,81,86,101,124],"this":[3],"work":[4],"was":[5],"to":[6],"examine":[7],"the":[8,39,67,72,90,99,121,125,141],"potential":[9],"thermal":[11,104],"imaging":[12],"as":[13,53],"a":[14],"cost-effective":[15],"tool":[16],"for":[17,49],"convenient,":[18],"nonintrusive":[19],"remote":[20],"monitoring":[21],"elderly":[23],"people":[24],"in":[25],"different":[26,75,133],"possible":[27],"head":[28,45,134,143],"orientations,":[29],"without":[30],"imposing":[31],"specific":[32],"behavior":[33],"on":[34,89,98,128],"users,":[35],"e.g.,":[36,58],"looking":[37],"toward":[38],"camera.":[40],"Illumination":[41],"and":[42,84,112],"pose":[43],"invariant":[44],"tracking":[46],"is":[47],"important":[48],"many":[50],"medical":[51],"applications":[52],"it":[54],"can":[55,130],"provide":[56],"information,":[57],"about":[59],"vital":[60],"signs,":[61],"sensory":[62],"experiences,":[63],"injuries,":[64],"wellbeing.":[65],"In":[66],"performed":[68],"experiments,":[69],"we":[70],"investigated":[71],"influence":[73],"modifications":[76],"images":[78],"(rotation,":[79],"displacement":[80,85],"facial":[82,87],"features,":[83],"quarters)":[88],"prediction":[91,122],"accuracy.":[92],"Specifically,":[93],"two":[94],"models":[95],"were":[96],"tested":[97],"set":[100],"collected":[102],"low-resolution":[103],"images:":[105],"Inception":[106],"V3":[107],"Convolutional":[108],"Neural":[109],"Network":[110,146],"(CNN)":[111],"Hinton's":[113],"Capsule":[114,145],"Network.":[115],"preliminary":[117],"results":[118],"confirm":[119],"that":[120],"ability":[123],"model":[126],"based":[127],"capsules":[129],"deal":[131],"with":[132],"orientations":[135],"much":[136],"better":[137],"than":[138],"CNN":[139,151],"(for":[140],"45\u00b0":[142],"rotation":[144],"achieved":[147],"~%":[148],"accuracy":[149],"while":[150],"only":[152],"9.5%).":[153]},"counts_by_year":[],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
