{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2898823460","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2018.8512304","title":"Brain tumor segmentation on Multimodal MRI scans using EMAP Algorithm","display_name":"Brain tumor segmentation on Multimodal MRI scans using EMAP Algorithm","publication_year":2018,"publication_date":"2018-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2898823460","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2018.8512304","mag":"2898823460","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30440456"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc.2018.8512304","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2018.8512304","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2018 40th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073762312","display_name":"Syed Muhammad Anwar","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173207729","display_name":"University of Engineering and Technology Taxila","ror":"https://ror.org/03v00ka07","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173207729"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Syed Muhammad Anwar","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, PK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, PK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173207729"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5026453328","display_name":"Sobia Yousaf","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173207729","display_name":"University of Engineering and Technology Taxila","ror":"https://ror.org/03v00ka07","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173207729"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sobia Yousaf","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, PK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, PK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173207729"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5080542553","display_name":"Muhammad Majid","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3662-2525"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I173207729","display_name":"University of Engineering and Technology Taxila","ror":"https://ror.org/03v00ka07","country_code":"PK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I173207729"]}],"countries":["PK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Muhammad Majid","raw_affiliation_strings":["University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, PK"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"University of Engineering and Technology, Taxila, PK","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173207729"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5073762312"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I173207729"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.4317,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":12,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.66618626,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"2018","issue":null,"first_page":"550","last_page":"553"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12702","display_name":"Brain Tumor Detection and Classification","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2808","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12702","display_name":"Brain Tumor Detection and Classification","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2808","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10036","display_name":"Advanced Neural Network Applications","score":0.9994000196456909,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10052","display_name":"Medical Image Segmentation Techniques","score":0.9988999962806702,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7767354249954224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6790623068809509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/segmentation","display_name":"Segmentation","score":0.6288127899169922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cluster-analysis","display_name":"Cluster analysis","score":0.5496751070022583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-segmentation","display_name":"Image segmentation","score":0.5133230090141296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.44836920499801636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image-processing","display_name":"Image processing","score":0.44683390855789185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brain-tumor","display_name":"Brain tumor","score":0.43243271112442017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/expectation\u2013maximization-algorithm","display_name":"Expectation\u2013maximization algorithm","score":0.4318930506706238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.4077969491481781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.23603284358978271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.09510892629623413}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7767354249954224},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6790623068809509},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C89600930","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1423946","display_name":"Segmentation","level":2,"score":0.6288127899169922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C73555534","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q622825","display_name":"Cluster analysis","level":2,"score":0.5496751070022583},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C124504099","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q56933","display_name":"Image segmentation","level":3,"score":0.5133230090141296},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.44836920499801636},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C9417928","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1070689","display_name":"Image processing","level":3,"score":0.44683390855789185},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779130545","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q233309","display_name":"Brain tumor","level":2,"score":0.43243271112442017},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C182081679","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1275153","display_name":"Expectation\u2013maximization algorithm","level":3,"score":0.4318930506706238},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.4077969491481781},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.23603284358978271},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.09510892629623413},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C49781872","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1045555","display_name":"Maximum likelihood","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001921","descriptor_name":"Brain","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001921","descriptor_name":"Brain","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001921","descriptor_name":"Brain","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001932","descriptor_name":"Brain Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001932","descriptor_name":"Brain Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001932","descriptor_name":"Brain Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001932","descriptor_name":"Brain Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001932","descriptor_name":"Brain Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001932","descriptor_name":"Brain Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005910","descriptor_name":"Glioma","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005910","descriptor_name":"Glioma","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005910","descriptor_name":"Glioma","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005910","descriptor_name":"Glioma","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005910","descriptor_name":"Glioma","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005910","descriptor_name":"Glioma","qualifier_ui":"Q000473","qualifier_name":"pathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008279","descriptor_name":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008279","descriptor_name":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008279","descriptor_name":"Magnetic Resonance Imaging","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D064847","descriptor_name":"Multimodal Imaging","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D064847","descriptor_name":"Multimodal Imaging","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D064847","descriptor_name":"Multimodal Imaging","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc.2018.8512304","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2018.8512304","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2018 40th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmid:30440456","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/30440456","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":14,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1641498739","https://openalex.org/W1884191083","https://openalex.org/W2026616100","https://openalex.org/W2027839406","https://openalex.org/W2090824451","https://openalex.org/W2123151929","https://openalex.org/W2235523093","https://openalex.org/W2284198383","https://openalex.org/W2741015411","https://openalex.org/W2752517284","https://openalex.org/W2753950907","https://openalex.org/W3101294892","https://openalex.org/W4299444814","https://openalex.org/W6687865014"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4379231730","https://openalex.org/W1514609475","https://openalex.org/W4389858081","https://openalex.org/W4324315429","https://openalex.org/W2501551404","https://openalex.org/W4385583601","https://openalex.org/W2368486525","https://openalex.org/W4298131179","https://openalex.org/W1522196789","https://openalex.org/W2553519758"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0,95,131,158,184,198],"utilization":[1],"of":[2,47,70,91,97,155,192],"digital":[3],"images":[4,48],"is":[5,63,78,100,134,186,208,211],"becoming":[6],"popular":[7],"in":[8,30,57,112,115],"multiple":[9,17],"areas":[10],"such":[11],"as":[12,65],"clinical":[13],"applications.":[14],"There":[15],"are":[16,41],"diagnostic":[18],"and":[19,33,52,74,120,128,144,167,181,194,210],"machine":[20,53],"vision-based":[21],"applications,":[22],"where":[23],"image":[24,38,174],"processing":[25,39,175],"plays":[26],"a":[27,66,79,153],"vital":[28],"role":[29],"analyzing,":[31],"interpreting,":[32],"solving":[34],"the":[35,45,109,123,149,169,205],"problem.":[36],"Digital":[37],"techniques":[40,176,215],"used":[42],"to":[43,87,101,137,213],"increase":[44],"quality":[46],"for":[49],"human":[50],"interpretation":[51],"perception.":[54],"Tumor":[55],"segmentation":[56,77],"brain":[58,118],"magnetic":[59],"resonance":[60],"(MRI)":[61],"volumes":[62],"considered":[64],"complex":[67],"task":[68,81],"because":[69],"tumor":[71,111,170],"shape,":[72],"location,":[73],"texture.":[75],"Manual":[76],"time-consuming":[80],"that":[82,106],"can":[83,107],"be":[84],"inaccurate":[85],"due":[86],"an":[88,103],"increasing":[89],"volume":[90],"MR":[92,196],"scanning":[93],"performed.":[94],"goal":[96],"this":[98],"research":[99],"propose":[102],"automated":[104,136],"method":[105,185],"identify":[108],"whole":[110],"each":[113],"slice":[114],"volumetric":[116],"MRI":[117,156],"images,":[119],"find":[121],"out":[122,139],"sub-tumor":[124],"(core":[125],"tumor,":[126],"enhancing":[127],"non-enhancing)":[129],"regions.":[130],"proposed":[132,206],"algorithm":[133,160],"fully":[135],"segment":[138],"both":[140],"high-grade":[141],"glioma":[142,146],"(HGG)":[143],"low-grade":[145],"(LGG),":[147],"using":[148,173,204],"information":[150],"provided":[151],"by":[152,203],"sequence":[154],"volumes.":[157,197],"designed":[159],"does":[161],"not":[162],"require":[163],"any":[164],"training":[165],"database":[166],"estimates":[168],"regions":[171],"independently":[172],"based":[177],"on":[178,188,218],"expectation":[179],"maximization":[180],"K-mean":[182],"clustering.":[183],"evaluated":[187],"BRATS":[189],"2015":[190],"dataset":[191],"LGG":[193],"HGG":[195],"average":[199],"DICE":[200],"score":[201],"achieved":[202],"technique":[207],"0.92":[209],"comparable":[212],"state-of-the-art":[214],"which":[216],"rely":[217],"computationally":[219],"expensive":[220],"algorithms.":[221]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}