{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2755971476","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2017.8037003","title":"Classification of multi-class motor imagery EEG using four band common spatial pattern","display_name":"Classification of multi-class motor imagery EEG using four band common spatial pattern","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2755971476","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2017.8037003","mag":"2755971476","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29060050"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc.2017.8037003","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2017.8037003","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2017 39th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081325510","display_name":"Amama Mahmood","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5044-1494"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Amama Mahmood","raw_affiliation_strings":["Neuro-Informatics Lab, University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Neuro-Informatics Lab, University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017608469","display_name":"Rida Zainab","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rida Zainab","raw_affiliation_strings":["Neuro-Informatics Lab, University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Neuro-Informatics Lab, University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5100348176","display_name":"R. Badlishah Ahmad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4862-2728"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rushda Basir Ahmad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Neuro-Informatics Lab, University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Neuro-Informatics Lab, University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5058887305","display_name":"Maryam Saeed","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7046-2898"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Maryam Saeed","raw_affiliation_strings":["Neuro-Informatics Lab, University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Neuro-Informatics Lab, University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5017201570","display_name":"Awais M. Kamboh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-7491-1590"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Awais Mehmood Kamboh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Neuro-Informatics Lab, University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Neuro-Informatics Lab, University of Sciences and Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan","institution_ids":[]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":0,"institutions_distinct_count":0,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.1315,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":31,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97692904,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":99},"biblio":{"volume":"2017","issue":null,"first_page":"1034","last_page":"1037"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11447","display_name":"Blind Source Separation Techniques","score":0.9884999990463257,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11601","display_name":"Neuroscience and Neural Engineering","score":0.9743000268936157,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2804","display_name":"Cellular and Molecular Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/motor-imagery","display_name":"Motor imagery","score":0.8068534135818481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.7823436856269836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brain\u2013computer-interface","display_name":"Brain\u2013computer interface","score":0.7664309740066528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7445101141929626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7047541737556458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.6984083652496338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.6662538051605225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electroencephalography","display_name":"Electroencephalography","score":0.5992676019668579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/statistical-classification","display_name":"Statistical classification","score":0.4988064765930176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/class","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","score":0.4504778981208801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/task","display_name":"Task (project management)","score":0.4465498626232147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.08777308464050293}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C54808283","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6918191","display_name":"Motor imagery","level":4,"score":0.8068534135818481},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.7823436856269836},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173201364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q897410","display_name":"Brain\u2013computer interface","level":3,"score":0.7664309740066528},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7445101141929626},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7047541737556458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.6984083652496338},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.6662538051605225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522805319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965","display_name":"Electroencephalography","level":2,"score":0.5992676019668579},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C110083411","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1744628","display_name":"Statistical classification","level":2,"score":0.4988064765930176},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777212361","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5127848","display_name":"Class (philosophy)","level":2,"score":0.4504778981208801},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780451532","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q759676","display_name":"Task (project management)","level":2,"score":0.4465498626232147},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.08777308464050293},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007092","descriptor_name":"Imagination","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007092","descriptor_name":"Imagination","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007092","descriptor_name":"Imagination","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019018","descriptor_name":"Imagery, Psychotherapy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019018","descriptor_name":"Imagery, Psychotherapy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019018","descriptor_name":"Imagery, Psychotherapy","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D060388","descriptor_name":"Support Vector Machine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D060388","descriptor_name":"Support Vector Machine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D060388","descriptor_name":"Support Vector Machine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D062207","descriptor_name":"Brain-Computer Interfaces","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D062207","descriptor_name":"Brain-Computer Interfaces","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D062207","descriptor_name":"Brain-Computer Interfaces","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc.2017.8037003","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2017.8037003","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2017 39th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmid:29060050","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29060050","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":17,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1496198755","https://openalex.org/W1608735834","https://openalex.org/W1991884042","https://openalex.org/W2006082701","https://openalex.org/W2007345898","https://openalex.org/W2011485792","https://openalex.org/W2012556077","https://openalex.org/W2051652848","https://openalex.org/W2057219090","https://openalex.org/W2101629643","https://openalex.org/W2107951289","https://openalex.org/W2124985066","https://openalex.org/W2128723763","https://openalex.org/W2134970111","https://openalex.org/W2164454882","https://openalex.org/W2165892205","https://openalex.org/W6676289628"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1977940006","https://openalex.org/W2887556756","https://openalex.org/W2947925238","https://openalex.org/W195417223","https://openalex.org/W1513407214","https://openalex.org/W1984377984","https://openalex.org/W1961545574","https://openalex.org/W2510077457","https://openalex.org/W3045772920","https://openalex.org/W2047816336"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Brain":[0],"Computer":[1],"Interfaces":[2],"(BCIs)":[3],"serve":[4],"as":[5],"an":[6,29],"integration":[7],"tool":[8],"between":[9],"acquired":[10,20],"brain":[11,21],"signals":[12,22],"and":[13,45,61,91],"external":[14],"devices.":[15],"Precise":[16],"classification":[17,35,53,111,125],"of":[18,36,98,121],"the":[19,24,109],"with":[23,73,87],"least":[25],"misclassification":[26],"error":[27],"is":[28],"arduous":[30],"task.":[31],"Existing":[32],"techniques":[33],"for":[34,64,78,123],"multi-class":[37],"motor":[38],"imagery":[39],"electroencephalogram":[40],"(EEG)":[41],"have":[42],"low":[43],"accuracy":[44,112,120],"are":[46],"computationally":[47],"inefficient.":[48],"This":[49],"paper":[50],"introduces":[51],"a":[52],"algorithm,":[54],"which":[55],"uses":[56,82],"two":[57],"frequency":[58,85],"ranges,":[59],"mu":[60],"beta":[62],"rythms,":[63],"feature":[65,89],"extraction":[66],"using":[67,129],"common":[68],"spatial":[69],"pattern":[70],"(CSP)":[71],"along":[72],"support":[74],"vector":[75],"machine":[76],"(SVM)":[77],"classification.":[79],"The":[80,96],"technique":[81],"only":[83],"four":[84],"bands":[86],"no":[88],"reduction":[90],"consequently":[92],"less":[93],"computational":[94],"cost.":[95],"implementation":[97],"this":[99,130],"algorithm":[100],"on":[101],"BCI":[102],"competition":[103],"III":[104],"dataset":[105],"IIIa,":[106],"resulted":[107],"in":[108,113],"highest":[110],"comparison":[114],"to":[115],"existing":[116],"algorithms.":[117],"A":[118],"mean":[119],"85.5":[122],"offline":[124],"has":[126],"been":[127],"achieved":[128],"technique.":[131]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":4}],"updated_date":"2026-07-29T14:22:42.915294","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
