{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2754547694","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2017.8037000","title":"EEG-based classification of bilingual unspoken speech using ANN","display_name":"EEG-based classification of bilingual unspoken speech using ANN","publication_year":2017,"publication_date":"2017-07-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2754547694","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2017.8037000","mag":"2754547694","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29060048"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc.2017.8037000","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2017.8037000","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2017 39th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5083401418","display_name":"Advait Balaji","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9858-9578"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74796645","display_name":"Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani","ror":"https://ror.org/001p3jz28","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74796645"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Advait Balaji","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Goa, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Goa, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74796645"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050065194","display_name":"Aparajita Haldar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-8485-0330"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74796645","display_name":"Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani","ror":"https://ror.org/001p3jz28","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74796645"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Aparajita Haldar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Goa, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Goa, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74796645"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5042072126","display_name":"Keshav Patil","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1722-9314"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74796645","display_name":"Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani","ror":"https://ror.org/001p3jz28","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74796645"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Keshav Patil","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Goa, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Goa, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74796645"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062169240","display_name":"T Sai Ruthvik","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74796645","display_name":"Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani","ror":"https://ror.org/001p3jz28","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74796645"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"T Sai Ruthvik","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Goa, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Goa, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74796645"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5003712117","display_name":"Valliappan CA","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74796645","display_name":"Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani","ror":"https://ror.org/001p3jz28","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74796645"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Valliappan CA","raw_affiliation_strings":["Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Rajasthan, IN"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Rajasthan, IN","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74796645"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5052378369","display_name":"Mayur Jartarkar","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9925-8970"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74796645","display_name":"Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani","ror":"https://ror.org/001p3jz28","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74796645"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Mayur Jartarkar","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Goa, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Goa, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74796645"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5050661587","display_name":"Veeky Baths","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9980-5738"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I74796645","display_name":"Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani","ror":"https://ror.org/001p3jz28","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I74796645"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Veeky Baths","raw_affiliation_strings":["Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Goa, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Cognitive Neuroscience Laboratory, Birla Institute of Technology and Science, Pilani, Goa, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74796645"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":7,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5083401418"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I74796645"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5317,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":38,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.65317168,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"2017","issue":null,"first_page":"1022","last_page":"1025"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10429","display_name":"EEG and Brain-Computer Interfaces","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11447","display_name":"Blind Source Separation Techniques","score":0.9936000108718872,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10465","display_name":"Neurobiology of Language and Bilingualism","score":0.9854000210762024,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2805","display_name":"Cognitive Neuroscience"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/28","display_name":"Neuroscience"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/1","display_name":"Life Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7459092736244202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/support-vector-machine","display_name":"Support vector machine","score":0.7419651746749878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.6604951620101929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electroencephalography","display_name":"Electroencephalography","score":0.6231459975242615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/brain\u2013computer-interface","display_name":"Brain\u2013computer interface","score":0.5520305633544922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/adaboost","display_name":"AdaBoost","score":0.5471169948577881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.5463928580284119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.5012421607971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.4380554258823395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4296562671661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/natural-language-processing","display_name":"Natural language processing","score":0.42490458488464355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/decision-tree","display_name":"Decision tree","score":0.42198652029037476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.3583287298679352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/psychology","display_name":"Psychology","score":0.12724372744560242}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7459092736244202},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C12267149","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q282453","display_name":"Support vector machine","level":2,"score":0.7419651746749878},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.6604951620101929},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C522805319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179965","display_name":"Electroencephalography","level":2,"score":0.6231459975242615},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C173201364","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q897410","display_name":"Brain\u2013computer interface","level":3,"score":0.5520305633544922},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C141404830","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2823869","display_name":"AdaBoost","level":3,"score":0.5471169948577881},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.5463928580284119},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.5012421607971191},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.4380554258823395},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4296562671661377},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C204321447","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q30642","display_name":"Natural language processing","level":1,"score":0.42490458488464355},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C84525736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q831366","display_name":"Decision tree","level":2,"score":0.42198652029037476},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.3583287298679352},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.12724372744560242},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C118552586","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7867","display_name":"Psychiatry","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D004569","descriptor_name":"Electroencephalography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D013060","descriptor_name":"Speech","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013060","descriptor_name":"Speech","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D013060","descriptor_name":"Speech","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D025341","descriptor_name":"Principal Component Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D025341","descriptor_name":"Principal Component Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D025341","descriptor_name":"Principal Component Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D060388","descriptor_name":"Support Vector Machine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D060388","descriptor_name":"Support Vector Machine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D060388","descriptor_name":"Support Vector Machine","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D062207","descriptor_name":"Brain-Computer Interfaces","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D062207","descriptor_name":"Brain-Computer Interfaces","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D062207","descriptor_name":"Brain-Computer Interfaces","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc.2017.8037000","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2017.8037000","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2017 39th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmid:29060048","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/29060048","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/16","score":0.49000000953674316,"display_name":"Peace, Justice and strong institutions"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":13,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W128773739","https://openalex.org/W155852268","https://openalex.org/W1998128125","https://openalex.org/W2007050140","https://openalex.org/W2019875749","https://openalex.org/W2063246284","https://openalex.org/W2087733543","https://openalex.org/W2101234009","https://openalex.org/W2164427480","https://openalex.org/W2610776149","https://openalex.org/W6605150673","https://openalex.org/W6655377838","https://openalex.org/W6675354045"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3004117467","https://openalex.org/W2789583223","https://openalex.org/W3011239835","https://openalex.org/W4312534362","https://openalex.org/W3185760728","https://openalex.org/W2915047625","https://openalex.org/W4323294312","https://openalex.org/W4366990902","https://openalex.org/W4317732970","https://openalex.org/W4313289487"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"ability":[1],"to":[2,51,95,144,162,168],"interpret":[3],"unspoken":[4],"or":[5],"imagined":[6],"speech":[7,19,207],"through":[8],"electroencephalography":[9],"(EEG)":[10],"is":[11,25,152,159,166,209],"of":[12,60,98,191,205],"therapeutic":[13],"interest":[14],"for":[15,28,66,184,195],"people":[16],"suffering":[17],"from":[18,112],"disorders":[20],"and":[21,48,62,106,117,121,125,148,154,178,193,197],"`lockedin'":[22],"syndrome.":[23],"It":[24],"also":[26],"useful":[27],"brain-computer":[29],"interface":[30],"(BCI)":[31],"techniques":[32],"not":[33,64,81],"involving":[34],"articulatory":[35],"actions.":[36],"Previous":[37],"work":[38],"has":[39],"involved":[40],"using":[41,201],"particular":[42],"words":[43],"in":[44,70,76,132,134,141],"one":[45,77],"chosen":[46],"language":[47,78,146,198],"training":[49],"classifiers":[50,74,183],"distinguish":[52],"between":[53],"them.":[54],"Such":[55],"studies":[56],"have":[57,83],"reported":[58],"accuracies":[59],"40-60%":[61],"are":[63],"ideal":[65],"practical":[67],"implementation.":[68],"Furthermore,":[69],"today's":[71],"multilingual":[72],"society,":[73],"trained":[75],"alone":[79],"might":[80],"always":[82],"the":[84,99],"desired":[85],"effect.":[86],"To":[87],"address":[88],"this,":[89],"we":[90],"present":[91,140],"a":[92],"novel":[93],"approach":[94],"improve":[96],"accuracy":[97,190,204],"current":[100],"model":[101],"by":[102],"combining":[103],"bilingual":[104,206],"interpretation":[105],"decision":[107,149,196],"making.":[108,150],"We":[109,137],"collect":[110],"data":[111],"5":[113],"subjects":[114],"with":[115],"Hindi":[116],"English":[118],"as":[119],"primary":[120],"secondary":[122],"languages":[123],"respectively":[124,200],"ask":[126],"them":[127],"20":[128],"`Yes'/`No'":[129],"questions":[130],"(`Haan'/`Na'":[131],"Hindi)":[133],"each":[135],"language.":[136],"choose":[138],"sensors":[139],"regions":[142],"important":[143],"both":[145],"processing":[147],"Data":[151],"preprocessed,":[153],"Principal":[155],"Component":[156],"Analysis":[157],"(PCA)":[158],"carried":[160],"out":[161],"reduce":[163],"dimensionality.":[164],"This":[165],"input":[167],"Support":[169],"Vector":[170],"Machine":[171],"(SVM),":[172],"Random":[173],"Forest":[174],"(RF),":[175],"AdaBoost":[176],"(AB),":[177],"Artificial":[179],"Neural":[180],"Networks":[181],"(ANN)":[182],"prediction.":[185],"Experimental":[186],"results":[187],"reveal":[188],"best":[189],"85.20%":[192],"92.18%":[194],"classification":[199,208],"ANN.":[202],"Overall":[203],"75.38%.":[210]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-09T13:55:54.758798","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
