{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2537763288","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2016.7590823","title":"Application of semi-supervised deep learning to lung sound analysis","display_name":"Application of semi-supervised deep learning to lung sound analysis","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2537763288","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2016.7590823","mag":"2537763288","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28324938"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc.2016.7590823","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2016.7590823","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2016 38th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5062524755","display_name":"Daniel Chamberlain","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Daniel Chamberlain","raw_affiliation_strings":["Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5015626466","display_name":"Rahul Kodgule","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1701-2115"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Rahul Kodgule","raw_affiliation_strings":["Chest Research Foundation, Pune, India"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Chest Research Foundation, Pune, India","institution_ids":[]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5023246111","display_name":"Daniela Ganelin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1910-1288"},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniela Ganelin","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5011510000","display_name":"Vivek Miglani","orcid":null},"institutions":[],"countries":[],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Vivek Miglani","raw_affiliation_strings":[],"affiliations":[]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065184377","display_name":"R. Fletcher","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8470-8417"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I63966007","display_name":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/042nb2s44","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Richard Ribon Fletcher","raw_affiliation_strings":["Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Massachusetts Institute of Technology, Cambridge, MA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5062524755"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I63966007"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":6.7555,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":104,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.97339132,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"2016","issue":null,"first_page":"804","last_page":"807"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12419","display_name":"Phonocardiography and Auscultation Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12419","display_name":"Phonocardiography and Auscultation Techniques","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11309","display_name":"Music and Audio Processing","score":0.9930999875068665,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1711","display_name":"Signal Processing"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12418","display_name":"Respiratory and Cough-Related Research","score":0.9485999941825867,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2740","display_name":"Pulmonary and Respiratory Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/auscultation","display_name":"Auscultation","score":0.9261987209320068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/wheeze","display_name":"Wheeze","score":0.7906597852706909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/stethoscope","display_name":"Stethoscope","score":0.7015487551689148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/respiratory-sounds","display_name":"Respiratory sounds","score":0.699708104133606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.6427397727966309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.5884166359901428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/speech-recognition","display_name":"Speech recognition","score":0.5710540413856506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/sound","display_name":"Sound (geography)","score":0.5295720100402832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.4773271679878235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/phone","display_name":"Phone","score":0.4349968135356903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/data-set","display_name":"Data set","score":0.4220130443572998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/machine-learning","display_name":"Machine learning","score":0.4024641513824463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.382489413022995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.32202088832855225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/asthma","display_name":"Asthma","score":0.11755719780921936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/acoustics","display_name":"Acoustics","score":0.09720626473426819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiology","display_name":"Radiology","score":0.09383201599121094}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777324038","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q779054","display_name":"Auscultation","level":2,"score":0.9261987209320068},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778338976","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q517104","display_name":"Wheeze","level":3,"score":0.7906597852706909},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779055095","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q162339","display_name":"Stethoscope","level":2,"score":0.7015487551689148},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777402568","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q779038","display_name":"Respiratory sounds","level":3,"score":0.699708104133606},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.6427397727966309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.5884166359901428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C28490314","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q189436","display_name":"Speech recognition","level":1,"score":0.5710540413856506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C203718221","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q491713","display_name":"Sound (geography)","level":2,"score":0.5295720100402832},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.4773271679878235},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2778707766","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q202064","display_name":"Phone","level":2,"score":0.4349968135356903},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C58489278","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1172284","display_name":"Data set","level":2,"score":0.4220130443572998},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C119857082","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2539","display_name":"Machine learning","level":1,"score":0.4024641513824463},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.382489413022995},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.32202088832855225},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776042228","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q35869","display_name":"Asthma","level":2,"score":0.11755719780921936},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C24890656","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q82811","display_name":"Acoustics","level":1,"score":0.09720626473426819},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.09383201599121094},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126322002","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11180","display_name":"Internal medicine","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069550","descriptor_name":"Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001314","descriptor_name":"Auscultation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001314","descriptor_name":"Auscultation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D001314","descriptor_name":"Auscultation","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008168","descriptor_name":"Lung","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008168","descriptor_name":"Lung","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008168","descriptor_name":"Lung","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008171","descriptor_name":"Lung Diseases","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008171","descriptor_name":"Lung Diseases","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008171","descriptor_name":"Lung Diseases","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008962","descriptor_name":"Models, Theoretical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008962","descriptor_name":"Models, Theoretical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008962","descriptor_name":"Models, Theoretical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012135","descriptor_name":"Respiratory Sounds","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012135","descriptor_name":"Respiratory Sounds","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012135","descriptor_name":"Respiratory Sounds","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016208","descriptor_name":"Databases, Factual","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016208","descriptor_name":"Databases, Factual","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016208","descriptor_name":"Databases, Factual","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc.2016.7590823","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2016.7590823","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2016 38th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmid:28324938","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28324938","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"display_name":"Decent work and economic growth","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/8","score":0.46000000834465027}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":21,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1606347560","https://openalex.org/W2004706011","https://openalex.org/W2011970079","https://openalex.org/W2028709512","https://openalex.org/W2029010243","https://openalex.org/W2031631909","https://openalex.org/W2100495367","https://openalex.org/W2116973691","https://openalex.org/W2130366276","https://openalex.org/W2145094598","https://openalex.org/W2145458944","https://openalex.org/W2152175008","https://openalex.org/W2162059064","https://openalex.org/W2187643710","https://openalex.org/W2313285705","https://openalex.org/W2567006335","https://openalex.org/W2997574889","https://openalex.org/W6636358008","https://openalex.org/W6681096077","https://openalex.org/W6681215232","https://openalex.org/W6682825348"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3092883565","https://openalex.org/W4375852858","https://openalex.org/W4312368572","https://openalex.org/W2071013208","https://openalex.org/W4380631504","https://openalex.org/W2797852240","https://openalex.org/W1995001437","https://openalex.org/W4312229671","https://openalex.org/W2615070281","https://openalex.org/W2054528568"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"The":[0],"analysis":[1],"of":[2,12,33,71,82,95,99,112,128,163,207,235],"lung":[3,35,60,83,121,137],"sounds,":[4,61,138],"collected":[5,183],"through":[6],"auscultation,":[7],"is":[8,102,174],"a":[9,68,79,113,124,185,191],"fundamental":[10],"component":[11],"pulmonary":[13,160],"disease":[14],"diagnostics":[15],"for":[16,23,118,209,213],"primary":[17],"care":[18],"and":[19,29,38,75,140,190,211],"general":[20],"patient":[21],"monitoring":[22],"telemedicine.":[24],"Despite":[25],"advances":[26],"in":[27,50,58],"computation":[28],"algorithms,":[30],"the":[31,44,93,110,133,171],"goal":[32],"automated":[34],"sound":[36,147,165],"identification":[37],"classification":[39],"has":[40,53],"remained":[41],"elusive.":[42],"Over":[43],"past":[45],"40":[46],"years,":[47],"published":[48,64,179],"work":[49],"this":[51,106,197,217],"field":[52],"demonstrated":[54],"only":[55,67],"limited":[56,77],"success":[57],"identifying":[59],"with":[62,159,184,205,227],"most":[63,135],"studies":[65,87],"using":[66],"small":[69],"numbers":[70],"patients":[72,129,158],"(typically":[73],"N<;20)":[74],"usually":[76],"to":[78,169],"single":[80],"type":[81],"sound.":[84],"Larger":[85],"research":[86],"have":[88],"also":[89],"been":[90],"impeded":[91],"by":[92],"challenge":[94],"labeling":[96,234],"large":[97,126],"volumes":[98],"data,":[100],"which":[101,173],"extremely":[103],"labor-intensive.":[104],"In":[105],"paper,":[107],"we":[108,142],"present":[109,143],"development":[111],"semi-supervised":[114,221],"deep":[115,222],"learning":[116,223],"algorithm":[117,201],"automatically":[119],"classify":[120],"sounds":[122],"from":[123,145,150],"relatively":[125],"number":[127],"(N=284).":[130],"Focusing":[131],"on":[132,155],"two":[134],"common":[136],"wheeze":[139,210],"crackle,":[141],"results":[144],"11,627":[146],"files":[148,166],"recorded":[149],"11":[151],"different":[152],"auscultation":[153],"locations":[154],"these":[156,164],"284":[157],"disease.":[161],"890":[162],"were":[167],"labeled":[168],"evaluate":[170],"model,":[172],"significantly":[175],"larger":[176,228],"than":[177],"previously":[178],"studies.":[180],"Data":[181],"was":[182],"custom":[186],"mobile":[187],"phone":[188],"application":[189],"low-cost":[192],"(US$30)":[193],"electronic":[194],"stethoscope.":[195],"On":[196],"data":[198,229],"set,":[199],"our":[200],"achieves":[202],"ROC":[203],"curves":[204],"AUCs":[206],"0.86":[208],"0.74":[212],"crackle.":[214],"Most":[215],"importantly,":[216],"study":[218],"demonstrates":[219],"how":[220],"can":[224],"be":[225],"used":[226],"sets":[230],"without":[231],"requiring":[232],"extensive":[233],"data.":[236]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":18},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":19},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":14},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":12},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":9},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}