{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2537075127","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2016.7590729","title":"Pain detection from facial images using unsupervised feature learning approach","display_name":"Pain detection from facial images using unsupervised feature learning approach","publication_year":2016,"publication_date":"2016-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2537075127","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2016.7590729","mag":"2537075127","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28268362"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc.2016.7590729","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2016.7590729","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2016 38th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"conference-paper","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5000702222","display_name":"Reza Kharghanian","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4033-7156"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86958956","display_name":"Ferdowsi University of Mashhad","ror":"https://ror.org/00g6ka752","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86958956"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Reza Kharghanian","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86958956"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5063360720","display_name":"Ali Peiravi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-4379-523X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I86958956","display_name":"Ferdowsi University of Mashhad","ror":"https://ror.org/00g6ka752","country_code":"IR","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I86958956"]}],"countries":["IR"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ali Peiravi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical Engineering, Ferdowsi University of Mashhad, Mashhad, Iran","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I86958956"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5043716992","display_name":"Farshad Moradi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-7077-8545"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204337017","display_name":"Aarhus University","ror":"https://ror.org/01aj84f44","country_code":"DK","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204337017"]}],"countries":["DK"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Farshad Moradi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Engineering, Aarhus University, Denmark"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Engineering, Aarhus University, Denmark","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204337017"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":2,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":null,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":46,"citation_normalized_percentile":null,"cited_by_percentile_year":null,"biblio":{"volume":"2016","issue":null,"first_page":"419","last_page":"422"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10667","display_name":"Emotion and Mood Recognition","score":0.9932000041007996,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/3205","display_name":"Experimental and Cognitive Psychology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/32","display_name":"Psychology"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/2","display_name":"Social Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10812","display_name":"Human Pose and Action Recognition","score":0.9836000204086304,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11398","display_name":"Hand Gesture Recognition Systems","score":0.9596999883651733,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1709","display_name":"Human-Computer Interaction"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.8090126514434814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.7112892866134644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.68275386095047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/facial-expression","display_name":"Facial expression","score":0.6089460849761963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/convolutional-neural-network","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","score":0.6072235703468323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/face","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","score":0.5623067617416382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature-extraction","display_name":"Feature extraction","score":0.537755012512207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/classifier","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","score":0.520440399646759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/feature","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","score":0.48670294880867004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.43371865153312683}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.8090126514434814},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.7112892866134644},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.68275386095047},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C195704467","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q327968","display_name":"Facial expression","level":2,"score":0.6089460849761963},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C81363708","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q17084460","display_name":"Convolutional neural network","level":2,"score":0.6072235703468323},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779304628","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3503480","display_name":"Face (sociological concept)","level":2,"score":0.5623067617416382},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C52622490","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1026626","display_name":"Feature extraction","level":2,"score":0.537755012512207},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C95623464","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1096149","display_name":"Classifier (UML)","level":2,"score":0.520440399646759},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776401178","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12050496","display_name":"Feature (linguistics)","level":2,"score":0.48670294880867004},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.43371865153312683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C144024400","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21201","display_name":"Sociology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C36289849","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q34749","display_name":"Social science","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000069558","descriptor_name":"Unsupervised Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069558","descriptor_name":"Unsupervised Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000069558","descriptor_name":"Unsupervised Machine Learning","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005145","descriptor_name":"Face","qualifier_ui":"Q000002","qualifier_name":"abnormalities","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005145","descriptor_name":"Face","qualifier_ui":"Q000002","qualifier_name":"abnormalities","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005145","descriptor_name":"Face","qualifier_ui":"Q000002","qualifier_name":"abnormalities","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D007091","descriptor_name":"Image Processing, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D008962","descriptor_name":"Models, Theoretical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008962","descriptor_name":"Models, Theoretical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008962","descriptor_name":"Models, Theoretical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010146","descriptor_name":"Pain","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010146","descriptor_name":"Pain","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D010146","descriptor_name":"Pain","qualifier_ui":"Q000175","qualifier_name":"diagnosis","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012372","descriptor_name":"ROC Curve","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012372","descriptor_name":"ROC Curve","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012372","descriptor_name":"ROC Curve","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016014","descriptor_name":"Linear Models","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016014","descriptor_name":"Linear Models","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016014","descriptor_name":"Linear Models","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":3,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc.2016.7590729","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2016.7590729","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2016 38th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmid:28268362","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/28268362","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference","raw_type":null},{"id":"pmh:oai:pure.atira.dk:publications/e4fc4da2-dd5c-41e3-8a00-3ef1a4a657b3","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pure.au.dk/portal/en/publications/e4fc4da2-dd5c-41e3-8a00-3ef1a4a657b3","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"submittedVersion","is_accepted":false,"is_published":false,"raw_source_name":"Kharghanian, R, Peiravi, A & Moradi, F 2016, 'Pain detection from facial images using unsupervised feature learning approach', Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC), vol. 2016, pp. 419-422. https://doi.org/10.1109/EMBC.2016.7590729","raw_type":"info:eu-repo/semantics/conferenceObject"}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":31,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W164333804","https://openalex.org/W417704678","https://openalex.org/W1965947362","https://openalex.org/W1966157145","https://openalex.org/W1971014294","https://openalex.org/W2006183147","https://openalex.org/W2030854709","https://openalex.org/W2036250785","https://openalex.org/W2053437444","https://openalex.org/W2077847255","https://openalex.org/W2098615198","https://openalex.org/W2099442165","https://openalex.org/W2101545465","https://openalex.org/W2104067190","https://openalex.org/W2106043670","https://openalex.org/W2106115875","https://openalex.org/W2110798204","https://openalex.org/W2116064496","https://openalex.org/W2118183099","https://openalex.org/W2129183325","https://openalex.org/W2136922672","https://openalex.org/W2145310492","https://openalex.org/W2156909104","https://openalex.org/W2164598857","https://openalex.org/W2165720259","https://openalex.org/W2176946773","https://openalex.org/W2785066428","https://openalex.org/W2995034616","https://openalex.org/W4285719527","https://openalex.org/W6676481782","https://openalex.org/W6748487965"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W4391621807","https://openalex.org/W4321487865","https://openalex.org/W4313906399","https://openalex.org/W4391621790","https://openalex.org/W4239306820","https://openalex.org/W4391266461","https://openalex.org/W2590798552","https://openalex.org/W2811106690","https://openalex.org/W2947043951","https://openalex.org/W4399188509"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"In":[0,46,124],"this":[1,47,125],"paper":[2],"a":[3,61,72,100,103],"new":[4],"method":[5],"for":[6,118,173],"continuous":[7],"pain":[8,19,35,65,119],"detection":[9,66,120],"is":[10,20,109,181],"proposed.":[11],"One":[12],"approach":[13,108],"to":[14,79,98,113,185],"detect":[15],"the":[16,26,37,115,159,174,186],"presence":[17],"of":[18,34,82,142],"by":[21],"processing":[22],"images":[23,144],"taken":[24],"from":[25,36,71,121],"face.":[27,74],"It":[28],"has":[29],"been":[30],"reported":[31,188],"that":[32,180],"expression":[33],"face":[38],"can":[39,67],"be":[40,53,68,92],"detected":[41,54],"utilizing":[42],"Action":[43],"Units":[44],"(AUs).":[45],"manner,":[48],"each":[49],"action":[50],"units":[51],"must":[52,91],"separately":[55],"and":[56,85,88,95,150,168],"then":[57,96],"combined":[58],"together":[59],"through":[60],"linear":[62],"expression.":[63],"Also,":[64],"directly":[69],"done":[70],"painful":[73,143],"There":[75],"are":[76,128],"different":[77,140],"methods":[78],"extract":[80,114],"features":[81,90,116,127,138],"both":[83],"shape":[84,149],"appearance.":[86],"Shape":[87],"appearance":[89,151],"extracted":[93,129,137],"separately,":[94],"used":[97],"train":[99],"classifier.":[101],"Here,":[102],"hierarchical":[104],"unsupervised":[105],"feature":[106],"learning":[107],"proposed":[110,154],"in":[111],"order":[112],"needed":[117],"facial":[122],"images.":[123],"work,":[126],"using":[130],"convolutional":[131],"deep":[132],"belief":[133],"network":[134],"(CDBN).":[135],"The":[136,153],"include":[139],"properties":[141],"such":[145],"as":[146],"head":[147],"movements,":[148],"information.":[152],"model":[155],"was":[156],"tested":[157],"on":[158],"publicly":[160],"available":[161],"UNBC":[162],"MacMaster":[163],"Shoulder":[164],"Pain":[165],"Archive":[166],"Database":[167],"we":[169],"achieved":[170],"near":[171],"95%":[172],"area":[175],"under":[176],"ROC":[177],"curve":[178],"metric":[179],"prominent":[182],"with":[183],"respect":[184],"other":[187],"results.":[189]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":10},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":6},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":5},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-07-14T23:27:15.235271","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
