{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2294993397","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2015.7319848","title":"Weighted locality-constrained linear coding for lesion classification in CT images","display_name":"Weighted locality-constrained linear coding for lesion classification in CT images","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2294993397","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2015.7319848","mag":"2294993397","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26737748"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc.2015.7319848","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2015.7319848","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2015 37th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5073968803","display_name":"Yixuan Yuan","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-0853-6948"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177725633","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Yixuan Yuan","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5022162774","display_name":"Assaf Hoogi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4542-6254"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Assaf Hoogi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medicine (Biomedical Informatics Research), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medicine (Biomedical Informatics Research), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5109029795","display_name":"Christopher F. Beaulieu","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Christopher F. Beaulieu","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Radiolozy and Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Radiolozy and Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5021531143","display_name":"Max Q.\u2010H. Meng","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-5255-5898"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I177725633","display_name":"Chinese University of Hong Kong","ror":"https://ror.org/00t33hh48","country_code":"CN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}],"countries":["CN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Max Q.-H Meng","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electronic Engineering, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5004965117","display_name":"Daniel L. Rubin","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-5057-4369"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I97018004","display_name":"Stanford University","ror":"https://ror.org/00f54p054","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Daniel L. Rubin","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Medicine (Biomedical Informatics Research), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Medicine (Biomedical Informatics Research), Stanford University, Stanford, CA, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I97018004"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5073968803"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I177725633"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5523,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":6,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.76149878,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":96},"biblio":{"volume":"2015","issue":null,"first_page":"6362","last_page":"5"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10627","display_name":"Advanced Image and Video Retrieval Techniques","score":0.9991000294685364,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10824","display_name":"Image Retrieval and Classification Techniques","score":0.9980999827384949,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10862","display_name":"AI in cancer detection","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1702","display_name":"Artificial Intelligence"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.7565119862556458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pooling","display_name":"Pooling","score":0.7466184496879578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.7257505655288696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/local-binary-patterns","display_name":"Local binary patterns","score":0.5908827185630798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/principal-component-analysis","display_name":"Principal component analysis","score":0.547056257724762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.5380641222000122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/locality","display_name":"Locality","score":0.5255228877067566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/coding","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","score":0.47464853525161743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lesion","display_name":"Lesion","score":0.46731680631637573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/modality","display_name":"Modality (human\u2013computer interaction)","score":0.41097211837768555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/mathematics","display_name":"Mathematics","score":0.3212081491947174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/image","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","score":0.2983534038066864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/histogram","display_name":"Histogram","score":0.2138255536556244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.16325384378433228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pathology","display_name":"Pathology","score":0.12309181690216064}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.7565119862556458},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C70437156","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7228652","display_name":"Pooling","level":2,"score":0.7466184496879578},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.7257505655288696},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C87335442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2494345","display_name":"Local binary patterns","level":4,"score":0.5908827185630798},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C27438332","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2873","display_name":"Principal component analysis","level":2,"score":0.547056257724762},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.5380641222000122},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779808786","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6664603","display_name":"Locality","level":2,"score":0.5255228877067566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C179518139","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5140297","display_name":"Coding (social sciences)","level":2,"score":0.47464853525161743},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781156865","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q827023","display_name":"Lesion","level":2,"score":0.46731680631637573},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2780226545","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q6888030","display_name":"Modality (human\u2013computer interaction)","level":2,"score":0.41097211837768555},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C33923547","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q395","display_name":"Mathematics","level":0,"score":0.3212081491947174},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C115961682","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q860623","display_name":"Image (mathematics)","level":2,"score":0.2983534038066864},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C53533937","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q185020","display_name":"Histogram","level":3,"score":0.2138255536556244},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.16325384378433228},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142724271","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7208","display_name":"Pathology","level":1,"score":0.12309181690216064},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C138885662","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5891","display_name":"Philosophy","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C105795698","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q12483","display_name":"Statistics","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41895202","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8162","display_name":"Linguistics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007090","descriptor_name":"Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007090","descriptor_name":"Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007090","descriptor_name":"Image Interpretation, Computer-Assisted","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008099","descriptor_name":"Liver","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008099","descriptor_name":"Liver","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008099","descriptor_name":"Liver","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008113","descriptor_name":"Liver Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008113","descriptor_name":"Liver Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D008113","descriptor_name":"Liver Neoplasms","qualifier_ui":"Q000000981","qualifier_name":"diagnostic imaging","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014057","descriptor_name":"Tomography, X-Ray Computed","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014057","descriptor_name":"Tomography, X-Ray Computed","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D014057","descriptor_name":"Tomography, X-Ray Computed","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D025341","descriptor_name":"Principal Component Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D025341","descriptor_name":"Principal Component Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D025341","descriptor_name":"Principal Component Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc.2015.7319848","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2015.7319848","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2015 37th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmid:26737748","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26737748","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1625255723","https://openalex.org/W1995146484","https://openalex.org/W2027922120","https://openalex.org/W2032339067","https://openalex.org/W2036718463","https://openalex.org/W2039051707","https://openalex.org/W2043909147","https://openalex.org/W2055180303","https://openalex.org/W2065184261","https://openalex.org/W2066584649","https://openalex.org/W2147141800","https://openalex.org/W2153635508","https://openalex.org/W2156260858","https://openalex.org/W2163352848","https://openalex.org/W2169961966","https://openalex.org/W6636494156"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2953234277","https://openalex.org/W2055219403","https://openalex.org/W2626256601","https://openalex.org/W2791313072","https://openalex.org/W2900413183","https://openalex.org/W4390975304","https://openalex.org/W147410782","https://openalex.org/W3166997759","https://openalex.org/W3022252430","https://openalex.org/W4287804464"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Computed":[0],"tomography":[1],"is":[2,119],"a":[3,26,36,79,114,155],"popular":[4],"imaging":[5],"modality":[6],"for":[7],"detecting":[8],"abnormalities":[9],"associated":[10],"with":[11,168],"abdominal":[12],"organs":[13],"such":[14],"as":[15],"the":[16,53,61,84,89,96,110,125,148,194],"liver,":[17],"kidney":[18],"and":[19,73,88,175,179,189],"uterus.":[20],"In":[21],"this":[22],"paper,":[23],"we":[24,59,98],"propose":[25],"novel":[27],"weighted":[28,37,115],"locality-constrained":[29],"linear":[30],"coding":[31,171],"(LLC)":[32],"method":[33,39,153,174,177,196],"followed":[34,67],"by":[35,68],"max-pooling":[38],"to":[40,77,108,122,146,164],"classify":[41],"liver":[42,141],"lesions":[43,54,142],"into":[44,55],"three":[45],"classes:":[46],"cysts,":[47],"metastases,":[48],"hemangiomas.":[49],"We":[50],"first":[51],"divide":[52],"same-size":[56],"patches.":[57],"Then,":[58],"extract":[60],"raw":[62],"features":[63],"in":[64,95,133],"all":[65],"patches":[66,87,91,107,132],"Principal":[69],"Components":[70],"Analysis":[71],"(PCA)":[72],"apply":[74],"K":[75],"means":[76],"obtain":[78,109],"single":[80],"LLC":[81,111,173],"dictionary.":[82],"Since":[83],"interior":[85],"lesion":[86,157],"boundary":[90],"contribute":[92],"different":[93,100],"information":[94],"image,":[97],"assign":[99],"weights":[101],"on":[102,137],"these":[103,128],"two":[104,129],"types":[105,130],"of":[106,127,131,140,160],"codes.":[112],"Moreover,":[113],"max":[116],"pooling":[117],"approach":[118],"also":[120],"proposed":[121,149,152,195],"further":[123],"evaluate":[124],"importance":[126],"feature":[134],"pooling.":[135],"Experiments":[136],"109":[138],"images":[139],"were":[143],"carried":[144],"out":[145],"validate":[147],"method.":[150],"The":[151],"achieves":[154],"best":[156],"classification":[158],"accuracy":[159],"96.33%,":[161],"which":[162],"appears":[163],"be":[165],"superior":[166],"compared":[167],"traditional":[169,180],"image":[170],"methods:":[172],"Bag-of-words":[176],"(BoW)":[178],"features:":[181],"Local":[182],"Binary":[183],"Pattern":[184],"(LBP)":[185],"features,":[186],"uniform":[187],"LBP":[188],"complete":[190],"LBP,":[191],"demonstrating":[192],"that":[193],"provides":[197],"better":[198],"classification.":[199]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2025-11-06T03:46:38.306776","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
