{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2294926082","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2015.7319030","title":"Deep neural network and random forest hybrid architecture for learning to detect retinal vessels in fundus images","display_name":"Deep neural network and random forest hybrid architecture for learning to detect retinal vessels in fundus images","publication_year":2015,"publication_date":"2015-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2294926082","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2015.7319030","mag":"2294926082","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26736930"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc.2015.7319030","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2015.7319030","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2015 37th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5048594191","display_name":"Debapriya Maji","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-0157-8202"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145894827","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur","ror":"https://ror.org/03w5sq511","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145894827"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Debapriya Maji","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, WB, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, WB, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145894827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5012951358","display_name":"Anirban Santara","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1571-3885"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145894827","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur","ror":"https://ror.org/03w5sq511","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145894827"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Anirban Santara","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, WB, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, WB, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145894827"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5006948859","display_name":"Sambuddha Ghosh","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8651-3867"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I40380974","display_name":"North Bengal Medical College and Hospital","ror":"https://ror.org/05xhkqs13","country_code":"IN","type":"other","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I40380974"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Sambuddha Ghosh","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Ophthalmology, North Bengal Medical College and Hospital, Darjeeling, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Ophthalmology, North Bengal Medical College and Hospital, Darjeeling, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I40380974"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5010986022","display_name":"Debdoot Sheet","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-9046-149X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145894827","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur","ror":"https://ror.org/03w5sq511","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145894827"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Debdoot Sheet","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, WB, India"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, WB, India","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145894827"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5032809289","display_name":"Pabitra Mitra","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-1908-9813"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I145894827","display_name":"Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur","ror":"https://ror.org/03w5sq511","country_code":"IN","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I145894827"]}],"countries":["IN"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Pabitra Mitra","raw_affiliation_strings":["Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, IN"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, West Bengal, IN","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145894827"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":5,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5048594191"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I145894827"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":4.9914,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":76,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.9539291,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":true},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":96,"max":100},"biblio":{"volume":"2015","issue":null,"first_page":"3029","last_page":"3032"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11438","display_name":"Retinal Imaging and Analysis","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2741","display_name":"Radiology, Nuclear Medicine and Imaging"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10250","display_name":"Glaucoma and retinal disorders","score":0.9941999912261963,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2731","display_name":"Ophthalmology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12874","display_name":"Digital Imaging for Blood Diseases","score":0.9940000176429749,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.8510759472846985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/fundus","display_name":"Fundus (uterus)","score":0.7847918272018433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/deep-learning","display_name":"Deep learning","score":0.7487016916275024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.721781313419342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pattern-recognition","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","score":0.5907471179962158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/random-forest","display_name":"Random forest","score":0.5374181270599365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-neural-network","display_name":"Artificial neural network","score":0.5025715827941895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-vision","display_name":"Computer vision","score":0.48195764422416687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/radiology","display_name":"Radiology","score":0.06029430031776428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.05896750092506409}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.8510759472846985},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2776391266","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9612","display_name":"Fundus (uterus)","level":2,"score":0.7847918272018433},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C108583219","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q197536","display_name":"Deep learning","level":2,"score":0.7487016916275024},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.721781313419342},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C153180895","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7148389","display_name":"Pattern recognition (psychology)","level":2,"score":0.5907471179962158},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C169258074","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q245748","display_name":"Random forest","level":2,"score":0.5374181270599365},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C50644808","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q192776","display_name":"Artificial neural network","level":2,"score":0.5025715827941895},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C31972630","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q844240","display_name":"Computer vision","level":1,"score":0.48195764422416687},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C126838900","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q77604","display_name":"Radiology","level":1,"score":0.06029430031776428},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.05896750092506409}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D005654","descriptor_name":"Fundus Oculi","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005654","descriptor_name":"Fundus Oculi","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D005654","descriptor_name":"Fundus Oculi","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012160","descriptor_name":"Retina","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012160","descriptor_name":"Retina","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012160","descriptor_name":"Retina","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012171","descriptor_name":"Retinal Vessels","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012171","descriptor_name":"Retinal Vessels","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D012171","descriptor_name":"Retinal Vessels","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D016571","descriptor_name":"Neural Networks, Computer","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc.2015.7319030","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2015.7319030","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2015 37th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society (EMBC)","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmid:26736930","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/26736930","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.46000000834465027,"display_name":"Life in Land","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/15"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":19,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1569512666","https://openalex.org/W1964683860","https://openalex.org/W1980103124","https://openalex.org/W2018593404","https://openalex.org/W2019778763","https://openalex.org/W2042497109","https://openalex.org/W2053771279","https://openalex.org/W2058224795","https://openalex.org/W2070079537","https://openalex.org/W2072128103","https://openalex.org/W2092150800","https://openalex.org/W2100756624","https://openalex.org/W2114240017","https://openalex.org/W2125449786","https://openalex.org/W2145094598","https://openalex.org/W2150769593","https://openalex.org/W2997574889","https://openalex.org/W4293171766","https://openalex.org/W6681096077"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W3193043704","https://openalex.org/W4386259002","https://openalex.org/W1546989560","https://openalex.org/W3171520305","https://openalex.org/W3135126032","https://openalex.org/W1924178503","https://openalex.org/W4308716060","https://openalex.org/W4280648719","https://openalex.org/W4386937079","https://openalex.org/W3033346322"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Vision":[0],"impairment":[1],"due":[2],"to":[3,29,36],"pathological":[4],"damage":[5],"of":[6,59,76,89,115,122,129],"the":[7,21,27,90,108,113],"retina":[8],"can":[9],"largely":[10],"be":[11],"prevented":[12],"through":[13],"periodic":[14],"screening":[15,25],"using":[16,48,79,93],"fundus":[17,63,102],"color":[18,64,101],"imaging.":[19],"However":[20],"challenge":[22],"with":[23,107,118],"large-scale":[24],"is":[26,71],"inability":[28],"exhaustively":[30],"detect":[31],"fine":[32],"blood":[33,60],"vessels":[34,61,99],"crucial":[35],"disease":[37],"diagnosis.":[38],"In":[39,104],"this":[40],"work":[41],"we":[42,111],"present":[43],"a":[44,94],"computational":[45],"imaging":[46],"framework":[47],"deep":[49,67],"and":[50,124],"ensemble":[51],"learning":[52,75,88],"based":[53],"hybrid":[54],"architecture":[55],"for":[56,73,97],"reliable":[57],"detection":[58,117],"in":[62,100],"images.":[65,103],"A":[66],"neural":[68],"network":[69],"(DNN)":[70],"used":[72],"unsupervised":[74],"vesselness":[77],"dictionaries":[78],"sparse":[80],"trained":[81],"denoising":[82],"auto-encoders":[83],"(DAE),":[84],"followed":[85],"by":[86],"supervised":[87],"DNN":[91],"response":[92],"random":[95],"forest":[96],"detecting":[98],"experimental":[105],"evaluation":[106],"DRIVE":[109],"database,":[110],"achieve":[112],"objective":[114],"vessel":[116],"max.":[119],"avg.":[120],"accuracy":[121],"0.9327":[123],"area":[125],"under":[126],"ROC":[127],"curve":[128],"0.9195.":[130]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2024,"cited_by_count":4},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":16},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":11},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":8},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":7},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-05-09T13:55:54.758798","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
