{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2318401308","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2014.6945125","title":"Electromagnetic tracking performance analysis and optimization","display_name":"Electromagnetic tracking performance analysis and optimization","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2318401308","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2014.6945125","mag":"2318401308","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25571493"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc.2014.6945125","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2014.6945125","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2014 36th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5101380581","display_name":"Yu Qi","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204722609","display_name":"Queen's University","ror":"https://ror.org/02y72wh86","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Yu Qi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Queen's University, Ontario, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Queen's University, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5081482597","display_name":"H. Mohseni Sadjadi","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3251-4132"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204722609","display_name":"Queen's University","ror":"https://ror.org/02y72wh86","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Hossein Sadjadi","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Queen's University, Ontario, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Queen's University, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5014125541","display_name":"Caitlin T. Yeo","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-3517-0910"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204722609","display_name":"Queen's University","ror":"https://ror.org/02y72wh86","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Caitlin T. Yeo","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Medicine, Queen's University, Ontario, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Medicine, Queen's University, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005410852","display_name":"Keyvan Hashtrudi-Zaad","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-3567-5430"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204722609","display_name":"Queen's University","ror":"https://ror.org/02y72wh86","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Keyvan Hashtrudi-Zaad","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Queen's University, Ontario, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Queen's University, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5084753910","display_name":"G\u00e1bor Fichtinger","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-6354-262X"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I204722609","display_name":"Queen's University","ror":"https://ror.org/02y72wh86","country_code":"CA","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]}],"countries":["CA"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Gabor Fichtinger","raw_affiliation_strings":["School of Computing, Queen's University, Ontario, Canada"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"School of Computing, Queen's University, Ontario, Canada","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":1,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I204722609"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.9889,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":14,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.81861989,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":97},"biblio":{"volume":"2014","issue":null,"first_page":"6534","last_page":"6538"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10888","display_name":"Augmented Reality Applications","score":0.4875999987125397,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10888","display_name":"Augmented Reality Applications","score":0.4875999987125397,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/1707","display_name":"Computer Vision and Pattern Recognition"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/17","display_name":"Computer Science"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11325","display_name":"Inertial Sensor and Navigation","score":0.22750000655651093,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2202","display_name":"Aerospace Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11583","display_name":"Advanced Measurement and Metrology Techniques","score":0.02199999988079071,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2210","display_name":"Mechanical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.678557276725769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/tracking","display_name":"Tracking (education)","score":0.5757748484611511}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.678557276725769},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775936607","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q466845","display_name":"Tracking (education)","level":2,"score":0.5757748484611511},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C15744967","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q9418","display_name":"Psychology","level":0,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C19417346","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7922","display_name":"Pedagogy","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000465","descriptor_name":"Algorithms","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002138","descriptor_name":"Calibration","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002138","descriptor_name":"Calibration","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002138","descriptor_name":"Calibration","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003951","descriptor_name":"Diagnostic Errors","qualifier_ui":"Q000517","qualifier_name":"prevention & control","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003951","descriptor_name":"Diagnostic Errors","qualifier_ui":"Q000517","qualifier_name":"prevention & control","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003951","descriptor_name":"Diagnostic Errors","qualifier_ui":"Q000517","qualifier_name":"prevention & control","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003952","descriptor_name":"Diagnostic Imaging","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003952","descriptor_name":"Diagnostic Imaging","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003952","descriptor_name":"Diagnostic Imaging","qualifier_ui":"Q000295","qualifier_name":"instrumentation","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003952","descriptor_name":"Diagnostic Imaging","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003952","descriptor_name":"Diagnostic Imaging","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D003952","descriptor_name":"Diagnostic Imaging","qualifier_ui":"Q000379","qualifier_name":"methods","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004574","descriptor_name":"Electromagnetic Fields","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004574","descriptor_name":"Electromagnetic Fields","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004574","descriptor_name":"Electromagnetic Fields","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004867","descriptor_name":"Equipment Design","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004867","descriptor_name":"Equipment Design","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004867","descriptor_name":"Equipment Design","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009038","descriptor_name":"Motion","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009038","descriptor_name":"Motion","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009038","descriptor_name":"Motion","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012044","descriptor_name":"Regression Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012044","descriptor_name":"Regression Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012044","descriptor_name":"Regression Analysis","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015203","descriptor_name":"Reproducibility of Results","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015233","descriptor_name":"Models, Statistical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015233","descriptor_name":"Models, Statistical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015233","descriptor_name":"Models, Statistical","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D021621","descriptor_name":"Imaging, Three-Dimensional","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D021621","descriptor_name":"Imaging, Three-Dimensional","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D021621","descriptor_name":"Imaging, Three-Dimensional","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D055590","descriptor_name":"Electromagnetic Phenomena","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D055590","descriptor_name":"Electromagnetic Phenomena","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true},{"descriptor_ui":"D055590","descriptor_name":"Electromagnetic Phenomena","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":true}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc.2014.6945125","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2014.6945125","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2014 36th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmid:25571493","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25571493","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[],"awards":[],"funders":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/F4320311055","display_name":"Cancer Care Ontario","ror":"https://ror.org/029n6xw55"}],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":9,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1519070426","https://openalex.org/W1981787495","https://openalex.org/W1993267444","https://openalex.org/W2006485654","https://openalex.org/W2018547363","https://openalex.org/W2024687326","https://openalex.org/W2044215019","https://openalex.org/W2050710938","https://openalex.org/W2153070804"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2748952813","https://openalex.org/W2390279801","https://openalex.org/W2358668433","https://openalex.org/W2376932109","https://openalex.org/W2001405890","https://openalex.org/W2382290278","https://openalex.org/W2478288626","https://openalex.org/W4391913857","https://openalex.org/W2350741829","https://openalex.org/W2530322880"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"PURPOSE:":[0],"The":[1,140,191],"purpose":[2],"of":[3,11,26,83,127,168],"this":[4],"study":[5],"is":[6,171,193],"to":[7,18,138,196],"evaluate":[8],"the":[9,21,24,27,49,79,84,98,101,106,114,119,122,125,128,133,150,158,165],"uncertainties":[10],"an":[12,36,198],"electromagnetic":[13],"(EM)":[14],"tracking":[15,39,130],"system":[16,40,131],"and":[17,23,41,54,71,81,93,105,124,135,143,161,183],"improve":[19,78],"both":[20,60,179],"trueness":[22,80,134,142],"precision":[25,82,136],"EM":[28,85,129,188,199],"tracker.":[29],"METHODS:":[30],"For":[31],"evaluating":[32],"errors,":[33],"we":[34],"introduce":[35],"optical":[37],"(OP)":[38],"consider":[42],"its":[43],"measurement":[44],"as":[45,97,118,149],"\"ground":[46],"truth\".":[47],"In":[48],"experiment,":[50],"static":[51],"data":[52,65,116],"sets":[53,66],"dynamic":[55,72],"profiles":[56],"are":[57,67,74,110],"collected":[58],"in":[59],"relatively":[61],"less-metallic":[62],"environments.":[63],"Static":[64],"for":[68,75],"error":[69,154,160,169,182,185],"modeling,":[70],"ones":[73],"testing.":[76],"To":[77],"tracker,":[86],"tracker":[87],"calibration":[88],"based":[89],"on":[90],"polynomial":[91,153],"fitting":[92],"smooth":[94],"filters,":[95,164],"such":[96],"Kalman":[99],"filter,":[100,109],"moving":[102],"average":[103],"filter":[104],"local":[107],"regression":[108],"deployed.":[111],"RESULTS:":[112],"From":[113],"experimental":[115],"analysis,":[117],"distance":[120],"between":[121],"transmitter":[123],"sensor":[126],"increases,":[132],"tend":[137],"decrease.":[139],"system's":[141],"jitter":[144,184],"errors":[145],"can":[146,176],"be":[147],"modeled":[148],"3(rd)":[151],"order":[152],"equations.":[155],"After":[156],"minimizing":[157],"positional":[159,180],"applying":[162],"smoothing":[163],"mean":[166],"value":[167],"reduction":[170],"36.9%.":[172],"CONCLUSION:":[173],"Our":[174],"method":[175,192],"effectively":[177],"reduce":[178],"systematic":[181],"caused":[186],"by":[187],"field":[189],"distortion.":[190],"successfully":[194],"applied":[195],"calibrate":[197],"tracked":[200],"surgical":[201],"cautery":[202],"tool.":[203]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":2},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2021,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2019,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2018,"cited_by_count":3},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":3}],"updated_date":"2026-06-26T08:34:08.712188","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}