{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2036267503","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2014.6944921","title":"A pharmacokinetic model of lopinavir in combination with ritonavir in human","display_name":"A pharmacokinetic model of lopinavir in combination with ritonavir in human","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2036267503","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2014.6944921","mag":"2036267503","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25571289"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc.2014.6944921","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2014.6944921","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2014 36th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5045418912","display_name":"Khanita Duangchaemkarn","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-6864-9066"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66200439","display_name":"Naresuan University","ror":"https://ror.org/03e2qe334","country_code":"TH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66200439"]}],"countries":["TH"],"is_corresponding":true,"raw_author_name":"Khanita Duangchaemkarn","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66200439"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5005661859","display_name":"Brad Reisfeld","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0003-1310-1495"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66200439","display_name":"Naresuan University","ror":"https://ror.org/03e2qe334","country_code":"TH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66200439"]},{"id":"https://openalex.org/I92446798","display_name":"Colorado State University","ror":"https://ror.org/03k1gpj17","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"]}],"countries":["TH","US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Brad Reisfeld","raw_affiliation_strings":["Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Colorado State University, CO, USA","Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Colorado State University, CO, USA","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I92446798"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66200439"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5016964058","display_name":"Manupat Lohitnavy","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0002-4439-0560"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I66200439","display_name":"Naresuan University","ror":"https://ror.org/03e2qe334","country_code":"TH","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I66200439"]}],"countries":["TH"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Manupat Lohitnavy","raw_affiliation_strings":["Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand"],"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Naresuan University, Phitsanulok, Thailand","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66200439"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":2,"institutions_distinct_count":3,"corresponding_author_ids":["https://openalex.org/A5045418912"],"corresponding_institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I66200439"],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.5393,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":7,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.6627335,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":89,"max":95},"biblio":{"volume":"2014","issue":null,"first_page":"5699","last_page":"5702"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10526","display_name":"HIV/AIDS drug development and treatment","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10526","display_name":"HIV/AIDS drug development and treatment","score":0.9998999834060669,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2725","display_name":"Infectious Diseases"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11655","display_name":"HIV-related health complications and treatments","score":0.9987999796867371,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2711","display_name":"Emergency Medicine"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T12229","display_name":"Pharmacological Effects and Toxicity Studies","score":0.9976000189781189,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2735","display_name":"Pediatrics, Perinatology and Child Health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lopinavir","display_name":"Lopinavir","score":0.9314013719558716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/ritonavir","display_name":"Ritonavir","score":0.9069714546203613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/efavirenz","display_name":"Efavirenz","score":0.7169604301452637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/lopinavir/ritonavir","display_name":"Lopinavir/ritonavir","score":0.6797353625297546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pharmacokinetics","display_name":"Pharmacokinetics","score":0.6686854362487793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/pharmacology","display_name":"Pharmacology","score":0.6400889158248901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/nevirapine","display_name":"Nevirapine","score":0.6104727387428284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/plasma-concentration","display_name":"Plasma concentration","score":0.497788667678833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cyp3a4","display_name":"CYP3A4","score":0.44378945231437683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/dosing","display_name":"Dosing","score":0.4202633500099182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/chemistry","display_name":"Chemistry","score":0.40639787912368774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/human-immunodeficiency-virus","display_name":"Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)","score":0.3359031081199646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.280985951423645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/viral-load","display_name":"Viral load","score":0.1718507707118988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/virology","display_name":"Virology","score":0.126292884349823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/biochemistry","display_name":"Biochemistry","score":0.10758158564567566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/antiretroviral-therapy","display_name":"Antiretroviral therapy","score":0.08957040309906006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cytochrome-p450","display_name":"Cytochrome P450","score":0.07477134466171265}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777182164","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422585","display_name":"Lopinavir","level":5,"score":0.9314013719558716},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779298103","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422618","display_name":"Ritonavir","level":5,"score":0.9069714546203613},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781432083","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422645","display_name":"Efavirenz","level":5,"score":0.7169604301452637},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2781392899","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q422618","display_name":"Lopinavir/ritonavir","level":5,"score":0.6797353625297546},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C112705442","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q323936","display_name":"Pharmacokinetics","level":2,"score":0.6686854362487793},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C98274493","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q128406","display_name":"Pharmacology","level":1,"score":0.6400889158248901},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779130552","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q263713","display_name":"Nevirapine","level":5,"score":0.6104727387428284},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3020079912","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q3918988","display_name":"Plasma concentration","level":2,"score":0.497788667678833},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C109650736","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q424440","display_name":"CYP3A4","level":4,"score":0.44378945231437683},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2777288759","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q4164182","display_name":"Dosing","level":2,"score":0.4202633500099182},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C185592680","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2329","display_name":"Chemistry","level":0,"score":0.40639787912368774},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C3013748606","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q15787","display_name":"Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)","level":2,"score":0.3359031081199646},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.280985951423645},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C142462285","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2528140","display_name":"Viral load","level":3,"score":0.1718507707118988},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C159047783","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7215","display_name":"Virology","level":1,"score":0.126292884349823},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C55493867","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q7094","display_name":"Biochemistry","level":1,"score":0.10758158564567566},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2993143319","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q583050","display_name":"Antiretroviral therapy","level":4,"score":0.08957040309906006},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C526171541","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q407693","display_name":"Cytochrome P450","level":3,"score":0.07477134466171265},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62231903","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q1057","display_name":"Metabolism","level":2,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D000284","descriptor_name":"Administration, Oral","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000284","descriptor_name":"Administration, Oral","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D000284","descriptor_name":"Administration, Oral","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004359","descriptor_name":"Drug Therapy, Combination","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004359","descriptor_name":"Drug Therapy, Combination","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004359","descriptor_name":"Drug Therapy, Combination","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006207","descriptor_name":"Half-Life","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006207","descriptor_name":"Half-Life","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006207","descriptor_name":"Half-Life","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015658","descriptor_name":"HIV Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000188","qualifier_name":"drug therapy","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015658","descriptor_name":"HIV Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000188","qualifier_name":"drug therapy","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D015658","descriptor_name":"HIV Infections","qualifier_ui":"Q000188","qualifier_name":"drug therapy","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017320","descriptor_name":"HIV Protease Inhibitors","qualifier_ui":"Q000008","qualifier_name":"administration & dosage","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017320","descriptor_name":"HIV Protease Inhibitors","qualifier_ui":"Q000008","qualifier_name":"administration & dosage","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017320","descriptor_name":"HIV Protease Inhibitors","qualifier_ui":"Q000008","qualifier_name":"administration & dosage","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017320","descriptor_name":"HIV Protease Inhibitors","qualifier_ui":"Q000493","qualifier_name":"pharmacokinetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017320","descriptor_name":"HIV Protease Inhibitors","qualifier_ui":"Q000493","qualifier_name":"pharmacokinetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D017320","descriptor_name":"HIV Protease Inhibitors","qualifier_ui":"Q000493","qualifier_name":"pharmacokinetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019438","descriptor_name":"Ritonavir","qualifier_ui":"Q000008","qualifier_name":"administration & dosage","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019438","descriptor_name":"Ritonavir","qualifier_ui":"Q000008","qualifier_name":"administration & dosage","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019438","descriptor_name":"Ritonavir","qualifier_ui":"Q000008","qualifier_name":"administration & dosage","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019438","descriptor_name":"Ritonavir","qualifier_ui":"Q000493","qualifier_name":"pharmacokinetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019438","descriptor_name":"Ritonavir","qualifier_ui":"Q000493","qualifier_name":"pharmacokinetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019438","descriptor_name":"Ritonavir","qualifier_ui":"Q000493","qualifier_name":"pharmacokinetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019540","descriptor_name":"Area Under Curve","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019540","descriptor_name":"Area Under Curve","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D019540","descriptor_name":"Area Under Curve","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D061466","descriptor_name":"Lopinavir","qualifier_ui":"Q000008","qualifier_name":"administration & dosage","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D061466","descriptor_name":"Lopinavir","qualifier_ui":"Q000008","qualifier_name":"administration & dosage","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D061466","descriptor_name":"Lopinavir","qualifier_ui":"Q000008","qualifier_name":"administration & dosage","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D061466","descriptor_name":"Lopinavir","qualifier_ui":"Q000493","qualifier_name":"pharmacokinetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D061466","descriptor_name":"Lopinavir","qualifier_ui":"Q000493","qualifier_name":"pharmacokinetics","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D061466","descriptor_name":"Lopinavir","qualifier_ui":"Q000493","qualifier_name":"pharmacokinetics","is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc.2014.6944921","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2014.6944921","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2014 36th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmid:25571289","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25571289","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/3","score":0.800000011920929,"display_name":"Good health and well-being"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"grobid_xml":false,"pdf":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":20,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W1600472674","https://openalex.org/W1604494817","https://openalex.org/W1968189252","https://openalex.org/W1971829388","https://openalex.org/W2018325257","https://openalex.org/W2037596914","https://openalex.org/W2073730383","https://openalex.org/W2100244861","https://openalex.org/W2101251098","https://openalex.org/W2101365779","https://openalex.org/W2102233898","https://openalex.org/W2104736692","https://openalex.org/W2109781017","https://openalex.org/W2112857740","https://openalex.org/W2121690400","https://openalex.org/W2148182245","https://openalex.org/W2166396731","https://openalex.org/W2166545019","https://openalex.org/W2170081257","https://openalex.org/W2183940924"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W2010497382","https://openalex.org/W2030111839","https://openalex.org/W2003995488","https://openalex.org/W2112129837","https://openalex.org/W2606094994","https://openalex.org/W2032208061","https://openalex.org/W1568989442","https://openalex.org/W2054311444","https://openalex.org/W2036267503","https://openalex.org/W2411343816"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Ritonavir-boosted":[0],"lopinavir":[1,26],"(LPV/r)":[2],"has":[3],"been":[4],"recommended":[5],"as":[6],"an":[7,45,137],"alternative":[8],"regimen":[9],"for":[10],"HIV-naive":[11],"patients":[12],"who":[13],"cannot":[14],"tolerate":[15],"nevirapine":[16],"(NVP)":[17],"and/or":[18],"efavirenz":[19],"(EFV).":[20],"Although":[21],"combinations":[22],"of":[23,33,58,66,119,128,158,161],"ritonavir":[24],"and":[25,49,73,90,104],"have":[27],"shown":[28],"higher":[29],"plasma":[30,75,140,145],"concentration":[31,77,141],"level":[32],"LPV":[34,139],"in":[35,130,136],"clinical":[36],"settings,":[37],"dosage":[38],"adjustment":[39],"is":[40,122],"still":[41],"required":[42],"to":[43,124],"maintain":[44],"adequate":[46],"therapeutic":[47],"efficacy":[48],"reduce":[50],"side":[51],"effects.":[52],"A":[53],"compartmental":[54],"pharmacokinetic":[55],"(PK)":[56],"model":[57,112],"LPV/r":[59,120],"was":[60],"developed,":[61],"including":[62],"a":[63],"mechanistic":[64],"description":[65],"competitive":[67,126],"inhibition.":[68],"Systematic":[69],"simulations":[70],"were":[71,79,101,148],"performed":[72],"predicted":[74],"drug":[76],"levels":[78],"compared":[80],"with":[81,150,155],"those":[82,151],"from":[83,109,152],"the":[84,88,94,110,114,117,125,131,153,156],"literature.":[85],"In":[86],"particular,":[87],"simulated":[89,144],"experimental":[91],"area":[92],"under":[93],"curve":[95],"(AUC)":[96],"based":[97],"on":[98],"oral":[99],"dosing":[100],"76.10":[102],"\u03bcMol/L,":[103,106],"76.25":[105],"respectively":[107],"Results":[108],"mathematical":[111],"support":[113],"hypothesis":[115],"that":[116],"mechanism":[118],"interaction":[121],"due":[123],"inhibition":[127],"CYP3A4":[129],"liver":[132],"by":[133],"ritonavir,":[134],"resulting":[135],"increasing":[138],"levels.":[142],"The":[143],"concentration-time":[146],"courses":[147],"consistent":[149],"literature":[154],"goodness":[157],"fit":[159],"(R(2))":[160],"0.9025":[162],"(0.8269-0.9862":[163],"95%CI).":[164]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2025,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2023,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2020,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2017,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":1}],"updated_date":"2026-03-25T13:04:00.132906","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}