{"id":"https://openalex.org/W2092188288","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2014.6944600","title":"Estimation of intrinsic joint impedance using quasi-static passive and dynamic methods in individuals with and without Cerebral Palsy","display_name":"Estimation of intrinsic joint impedance using quasi-static passive and dynamic methods in individuals with and without Cerebral Palsy","publication_year":2014,"publication_date":"2014-08-01","ids":{"openalex":"https://openalex.org/W2092188288","doi":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2014.6944600","mag":"2092188288","pmid":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25570968"},"language":"en","primary_location":{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc.2014.6944600","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2014.6944600","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2014 36th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},"type":"article","indexed_in":["crossref","pubmed"],"open_access":{"is_oa":false,"oa_status":"closed","oa_url":null,"any_repository_has_fulltext":false},"authorships":[{"author_position":"first","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5089395173","display_name":"Ghaith J. Androwis","orcid":"https://orcid.org/0000-0001-8465-9141"},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118118575","display_name":"New Jersey Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05e74xb87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118118575"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Ghaith J. Androwis","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biomedical Engineering Department, University Heights, Newark, NJ","Biomedical Engineering Department, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, NJ 07102"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biomedical Engineering Department, University Heights, Newark, NJ","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biomedical Engineering Department, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, NJ 07102","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118118575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5065141441","display_name":"Peter A. Michael","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118118575","display_name":"New Jersey Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05e74xb87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118118575"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Peter A. Michael","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biomedical Engineering Department, University Heights, Newark, NJ","Biomedical Engineering Department, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, NJ 07102"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biomedical Engineering Department, University Heights, Newark, NJ","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biomedical Engineering Department, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, NJ 07102","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118118575"]}]},{"author_position":"middle","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5029339082","display_name":"Allan Strongwater","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I4210125546","display_name":"St. Joseph\u2019s University Medical Center","ror":"https://ror.org/02c495c76","country_code":"US","type":"healthcare","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I4210125546"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Allan Strongwater","raw_affiliation_strings":["St. Joseph's Regional Medical Center, Paterson, New Jersey","St. Joseph's Regional Medical Center, 703 Main Street, Paterson, New Jersey 07503"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"St. Joseph's Regional Medical Center, Paterson, New Jersey","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125546"]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"St. Joseph's Regional Medical Center, 703 Main Street, Paterson, New Jersey 07503","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I4210125546"]}]},{"author_position":"last","author":{"id":"https://openalex.org/A5113659153","display_name":"Richard Foulds","orcid":null},"institutions":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/I118118575","display_name":"New Jersey Institute of Technology","ror":"https://ror.org/05e74xb87","country_code":"US","type":"education","lineage":["https://openalex.org/I118118575"]}],"countries":["US"],"is_corresponding":false,"raw_author_name":"Richard A. Foulds","raw_affiliation_strings":["Biomedical Engineering Department, University Heights, Newark, NJ","Biomedical Engineering Department, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, NJ 07102"],"raw_orcid":null,"affiliations":[{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biomedical Engineering Department, University Heights, Newark, NJ","institution_ids":[]},{"raw_affiliation_string":"Biomedical Engineering Department, New Jersey Institute of Technology, University Heights, Newark, NJ 07102","institution_ids":["https://openalex.org/I118118575"]}]}],"institutions":[],"countries_distinct_count":1,"institutions_distinct_count":4,"corresponding_author_ids":[],"corresponding_institution_ids":[],"apc_list":null,"apc_paid":null,"fwci":0.6095,"has_fulltext":false,"cited_by_count":5,"citation_normalized_percentile":{"value":0.68592681,"is_in_top_1_percent":false,"is_in_top_10_percent":false},"cited_by_percentile_year":{"min":90,"max":98},"biblio":{"volume":"2014","issue":null,"first_page":"4403","last_page":"4406"},"is_retracted":false,"is_paratext":false,"is_xpac":false,"primary_topic":{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11097","display_name":"Cerebral Palsy and Movement Disorders","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2738","display_name":"Psychiatry and Mental health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},"topics":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11097","display_name":"Cerebral Palsy and Movement Disorders","score":1.0,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2738","display_name":"Psychiatry and Mental health"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T11274","display_name":"Botulinum Toxin and Related Neurological Disorders","score":0.9997000098228455,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2728","display_name":"Neurology"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/27","display_name":"Medicine"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/4","display_name":"Health Sciences"}},{"id":"https://openalex.org/T10784","display_name":"Muscle activation and electromyography studies","score":0.9962000250816345,"subfield":{"id":"https://openalex.org/subfields/2204","display_name":"Biomedical Engineering"},"field":{"id":"https://openalex.org/fields/22","display_name":"Engineering"},"domain":{"id":"https://openalex.org/domains/3","display_name":"Physical Sciences"}}],"keywords":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/cerebral-palsy","display_name":"Cerebral palsy","score":0.6600737571716309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/joint","display_name":"Joint (building)","score":0.5620173215866089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/electrical-impedance","display_name":"Electrical impedance","score":0.48997893929481506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/estimation","display_name":"Estimation","score":0.42481881380081177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/computer-science","display_name":"Computer science","score":0.4042917490005493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/control-theory","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","score":0.3569766879081726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physical-medicine-and-rehabilitation","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","score":0.316175639629364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/medicine","display_name":"Medicine","score":0.23777121305465698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/physics","display_name":"Physics","score":0.14640623331069946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/engineering","display_name":"Engineering","score":0.12488338351249695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/structural-engineering","display_name":"Structural engineering","score":0.11872291564941406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/keywords/artificial-intelligence","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","score":0.09139049053192139}],"concepts":[{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2779421357","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q210427","display_name":"Cerebral palsy","level":2,"score":0.6600737571716309},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C18555067","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q8375051","display_name":"Joint (building)","level":2,"score":0.5620173215866089},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C17829176","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q179043","display_name":"Electrical impedance","level":2,"score":0.48997893929481506},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C96250715","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q965330","display_name":"Estimation","level":2,"score":0.42481881380081177},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C41008148","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q21198","display_name":"Computer science","level":0,"score":0.4042917490005493},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C47446073","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q5165890","display_name":"Control theory (sociology)","level":3,"score":0.3569766879081726},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C99508421","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q2678675","display_name":"Physical medicine and rehabilitation","level":1,"score":0.316175639629364},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C71924100","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11190","display_name":"Medicine","level":0,"score":0.23777121305465698},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C121332964","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q413","display_name":"Physics","level":0,"score":0.14640623331069946},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C127413603","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11023","display_name":"Engineering","level":0,"score":0.12488338351249695},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C66938386","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q633538","display_name":"Structural engineering","level":1,"score":0.11872291564941406},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C154945302","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q11660","display_name":"Artificial intelligence","level":1,"score":0.09139049053192139},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C2775924081","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q55608371","display_name":"Control (management)","level":2,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C201995342","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q682496","display_name":"Systems engineering","level":1,"score":0.0},{"id":"https://openalex.org/C62520636","wikidata":"https://www.wikidata.org/wiki/Q944","display_name":"Quantum mechanics","level":1,"score":0.0}],"mesh":[{"descriptor_ui":"D001696","descriptor_name":"Biomechanical Phenomena","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001696","descriptor_name":"Biomechanical Phenomena","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D001696","descriptor_name":"Biomechanical Phenomena","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002547","descriptor_name":"Cerebral Palsy","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002547","descriptor_name":"Cerebral Palsy","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D002547","descriptor_name":"Cerebral Palsy","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004576","descriptor_name":"Electromyography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004576","descriptor_name":"Electromyography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D004576","descriptor_name":"Electromyography","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D006801","descriptor_name":"Humans","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007719","descriptor_name":"Knee Joint","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007719","descriptor_name":"Knee Joint","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D007719","descriptor_name":"Knee Joint","qualifier_ui":"Q000503","qualifier_name":"physiopathology","is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009068","descriptor_name":"Movement","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009068","descriptor_name":"Movement","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D009068","descriptor_name":"Movement","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012018","descriptor_name":"Reflex","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012018","descriptor_name":"Reflex","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false},{"descriptor_ui":"D012018","descriptor_name":"Reflex","qualifier_ui":null,"qualifier_name":null,"is_major_topic":false}],"locations_count":2,"locations":[{"id":"doi:10.1109/embc.2014.6944600","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://doi.org/10.1109/embc.2014.6944600","pdf_url":null,"source":null,"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"2014 36th Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society","raw_type":"proceedings-article"},{"id":"pmid:25570968","is_oa":false,"landing_page_url":"https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/25570968","pdf_url":null,"source":{"id":"https://openalex.org/S4306525036","display_name":"PubMed","issn_l":null,"issn":null,"is_oa":false,"is_in_doaj":false,"is_core":false,"host_organization":"https://openalex.org/I1299303238","host_organization_name":"National Institutes of Health","host_organization_lineage":["https://openalex.org/I1299303238"],"host_organization_lineage_names":[],"type":"repository"},"license":null,"license_id":null,"version":"publishedVersion","is_accepted":true,"is_published":true,"raw_source_name":"Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society. Annual International Conference","raw_type":null}],"best_oa_location":null,"sustainable_development_goals":[{"score":0.6499999761581421,"display_name":"Quality Education","id":"https://metadata.un.org/sdg/4"}],"awards":[],"funders":[],"has_content":{"pdf":false,"grobid_xml":false},"content_urls":null,"referenced_works_count":16,"referenced_works":["https://openalex.org/W577370748","https://openalex.org/W1964214951","https://openalex.org/W1964970506","https://openalex.org/W1970983380","https://openalex.org/W1996967597","https://openalex.org/W1999325738","https://openalex.org/W2022133415","https://openalex.org/W2028521938","https://openalex.org/W2035654609","https://openalex.org/W2038026796","https://openalex.org/W2052628464","https://openalex.org/W2105807067","https://openalex.org/W2136106011","https://openalex.org/W2136360636","https://openalex.org/W2144170450","https://openalex.org/W2171760319"],"related_works":["https://openalex.org/W1666086067","https://openalex.org/W4205701643","https://openalex.org/W2012276161","https://openalex.org/W2125580534","https://openalex.org/W2068774066","https://openalex.org/W1972601233","https://openalex.org/W1997069184","https://openalex.org/W1978085126","https://openalex.org/W2378388254","https://openalex.org/W2521343291"],"abstract_inverted_index":{"Modeling":[0],"the":[1,5,12,19,35,48,53,57,102,119,131,140,143,148,161,167,174,184,196,217],"passive":[2,133],"behavior":[3],"of":[4,37,47,55,90,105,186],"knee":[6,86],"in":[7,52,147,213],"subjects":[8,69,74,111,152],"with":[9,75,112,153],"spasticity":[10,204],"involves":[11],"applied":[13],"external":[14],"torques":[15],"(e.g.":[16],"gravitational":[17],"torque),":[18],"intrinsic":[20,50,85],"moments":[21,32],"due":[22],"to":[23,44,101,130,173,194],"tissue":[24],"properties,":[25],"as":[26,28,183],"well":[27],"active,":[29],"neurally":[30,188],"defined":[31],"resulting":[33],"from":[34,166],"hypersensitivity":[36],"reflexes":[38],"introduced":[39],"by":[40],"disability.":[41,116],"In":[42],"order":[43],"provide":[45],"estimates":[46],"necessary":[49],"terms":[51,93],"equation":[54,104],"motion,":[56],"push-pull":[58,132,168],"and":[59,72,84,113,192],"Wartenberg":[60],"Pendulum":[61],"Knee":[62],"Drop":[63],"(PKD)":[64],"tests":[65],"were":[66,79],"administered.":[67],"Four":[68],"without":[70,114],"disability":[71,154],"two":[73,92],"Cerebral":[76],"Palsy":[77],"(CP)":[78],"evaluated":[80],"for":[81,110,136,151],"their":[82],"active":[83],"stiffness":[87,97,125,134,190],"parameters.":[88],"Separation":[89],"these":[91],"requires":[94],"an":[95],"additional":[96],"term":[98],"be":[99],"added":[100],"traditional":[103],"motion.":[106],"This":[107,170],"holds":[108],"true":[109],"neurological":[115],"Very":[117],"interestingly,":[118],"optimized":[120,144],"non-disabled":[121],"PKD":[122,149],"produced":[123],"lumped":[124,181],"(K)":[126],"that":[127,176,203,209],"is":[128,205],"similar":[129],"(KI)":[135],"both":[137],"populations.":[138],"On":[139],"other":[141],"hand":[142],"K":[145,182],"value":[146,163],"test":[150],"was":[155],"approximately":[156],"19":[157],"times":[158],"larger":[159],"than":[160],"KI":[162,193],"found":[164],"graphically":[165],"test.":[169],"leads":[171],"us":[172],"conclusion":[175],"we":[177],"can":[178],"partition":[179],"our":[180],"sum":[185],"a":[187,206,221],"generated":[189],"(Ka)":[191],"complete":[195],"trajectory":[197],"model.":[198],"Therefore,":[199],"this":[200],"study":[201],"shows":[202],"velocity":[207],"dependent,":[208],"would":[210],"not":[211],"appear":[212],"disabled":[214],"individuals":[215],"unless":[216],"examined":[218],"limb":[219],"has":[220],"non-zero":[222],"velocity.":[223]},"counts_by_year":[{"year":2026,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2022,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2016,"cited_by_count":1},{"year":2015,"cited_by_count":2}],"updated_date":"2026-06-11T09:08:48.828518","created_date":"2025-10-10T00:00:00"}
